865. Smallest Subtree with all the Deepest Nodes（python+cpp）

题目：

Given a binary tree rooted at root, the depth of each node is the shortest distance to the root.
A node is deepest if it has the largest depth possible among any node in the entire tree.
The subtree of a node is that node, plus the set of all descendants of that node.
Return the node with the largest depth such that it contains all the deepest nodes in its subtree.
Example 1:

Input: [3,5,1,6,2,0,8,null,null,7,4] 
Output: [2,7,4] 
Explanation:

We return the node with value 2, colored in yellow in the diagram. The nodes colored in blue are the deepest nodes of the tree. The input
“[3, 5, 1, 6, 2, 0, 8, null, null, 7, 4]” is a serialization of the given tree. The output “[2, 7,
4]” is a serialization of the subtree rooted at the node with value 2. Both the input and
output have TreeNode type.
Note:
The number of nodes in the tree will be between 1 and 500.
The values of each node are unique.

解释：
用dfs做。
python代码：

# Definition for a binary tree node.
# class TreeNode(object):
#     def __init__(self, x):
#         self.val = x
#         self.left = None
#         self.right = None

class Solution(object):
    def subtreeWithAllDeepest(self, root):
        """
        :type root: TreeNode
        :rtype: TreeNode
        """
        def depth(root):
            left,right=0,0
            if not root.left and not root.right:
                return root,1
            if root.left and root.right:
                tmp_left,left=depth(root.left)
                tmp_right,right=depth(root.right)
                root_depth=max(left,right)+1
                if left==right:
                    return root,root_depth                                                                  
                elif left>right:
                    return tmp_left,root_depth
                else:
                    return tmp_right,root_depth
            if root.left:
                tmp_left,left=depth(root.left)
                return tmp_left,left+1
            if root.right:
                tmp_right,right=depth(root.right)
                return tmp_right,right+1
        if not root:
            return None
        return depth(root)[0]

c++代码：

/**
 * Definition for a binary tree node.
 * struct TreeNode {
 *     int val;
 *     TreeNode *left;
 *     TreeNode *right;
 *     TreeNode(int x) : val(x), left(NULL), right(NULL) {}
 * };
 */
class Solution {
public:
    TreeNode* subtreeWithAllDeepest(TreeNode* root) {
        if (!root)
            return NULL;
        int d=0;
        return depth(root,d);      
    }
    TreeNode* depth(TreeNode* root,int &d)
    {
        if (!root->left && !root->right)
        {
            d=1;
            return root;
        }
        int left_depth=0,right_depth=0;
        if (root->left && root->right)
        {
            TreeNode* tmp_left=depth(root->left,left_depth);
            TreeNode* tmp_right=depth(root->right,right_depth);
            if (left_depth==right_depth)
            {
                d=left_depth+1;
                return root;
            }
            else if(left_depth>right_depth)
            {
                d=left_depth+1;
                return tmp_left;
            }
            else
            {
                d=right_depth+1;
                return tmp_right;
            }
        }
        if(root->left)
        {
            TreeNode* tmp_left=depth(root->left,left_depth);
            d=left_depth+1;
            return tmp_left;
        }
        if(root->right)
        {
            TreeNode* tmp_right=depth(root->right,right_depth);
            d=right_depth+1;
            return tmp_right;
        }
    }
};

总结：
刚开始写得时候先dfs求深度再做外层的dfs，后来发现不需要这么耗时，直接让depth()函数返回两个参数就好。
但是c++如何返回两个参数？深度用引用表示吧。
在论坛上问人，原来c++也有比较方便的split()函数，是boost::split，使用起来非常方便，激动！！！