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①It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college. ②Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.

①However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial. ②When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it’s not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers—but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. ③It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. ④Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. ⑤Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.

①Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or -determined students away.

①The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change. ①The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. ③For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.

①The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. ②Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the “Ruby on Rails” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. ③But the skills they learn—how to think logically through a problem and organize the results—apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.

①Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. ②But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. ③These kids are going to be surrounded by computers—in their pockets, in their offices, in their homes—for the rest of their lives. ④The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want—the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that—the better.

 

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①Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens—a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands—once lent red to the often grey landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States. ②But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species’ historic range.

①The crash was a major reason the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) decided to formally list the bird as threatened. ②“The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,” said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe. ③Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed. ④They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as “endangered,” a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats. ⑤But Ashe and others argued that the “threatened” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservation approaches. ⑥In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action, and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken’s habitat.

①Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowners or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. ②Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat. ③The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat. ④USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years. ⑤And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. ⑥Overall, the idea is to let “states” remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species,” Ashe said.

①Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric. ②Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court. ③Not surprisingly, industry groups and states generally argue it goes too far; environmentalists say it doesn’t go far enough “The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,” says biologist Jay Lininger.

 

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①That everyone’s too busy these days is a cliché. ②But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully: There’s never any time to read.

①What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient. ②The web’s full of articles offering tips on making time to read: “Give up TV” or “Carry a book with you at all times.” ③But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn’t work. ④Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning—or else you’re so exhausted that a challenging book’s the last thing you need. ⑤The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, “is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication… ⑥It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption.” ⑦Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.

①In fact, “becoming more efficient” is part of the problem. ②Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal. ③Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. ④Try to slot it in as a to-do list item and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading—useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. ⑤“The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes)as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them.” ⑥No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.

①So what does work? ②Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. ③You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us “step outside time’s flow” into “soul time.” ④You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers. ⑤“Carry a book with you at all times” can actually work, too—providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. ⑥On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you’re “making time to read,” but just reading, and making time for everything else.

 

 

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①Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure, younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found.

①Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. ②But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.

①Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work, to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found.

①From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.

①Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. ②While younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those “just getting started in life” face a tougher climb than earlier generations in reaching such signpost achievements as securing a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable housing.

①Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. ②Schneider, a 27-year-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs, says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. ③Even now that he is working steadily, he said, “I can’t afford to pay my monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to make that happen.” ④Looking back, he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young. ⑤“I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn’t have college degrees,” Schneider said. “I don’t think people are capable of that anymore.”

 

 

 

Section III Translation

46. Directions:

Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you’ll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you’ll buy. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally—which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.