The advance of Java -- Genericity, Exception, IO(Day04)

1. Genericity:

①<T>: only T type

public class Dog <X>{
	X str;
	int age;
	
	void test(){
		System.out.println(str);
	}
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
		Dog<String> s = new Dog<>();
		s.str = "pd";
		s.test();

	}

②<?>Wildcards: any type, no limitation

List<String> l = new ArrayList<>();
		l.add("aaa");
		l.add("bbb");
		l.add("ccc");
		test(l);
		
		List<Integer> l1 = new ArrayList<>();
		l1.add(123);
		l1.add(456);
		l1.add(789);
		test(l1);
	}
	public static void test(List<?> list){
		for (int j = 0; j <list.size(); j++) {
			System.out.println(list.get(j));
		}
		
	}

③<? extends T>: any class as long as extends  T(included T)

{
	List<Dog> d = new ArrayList<>();
	d.add(new Dog("H",12));
	test(d);
}
public static void test(List<? extends Animal> l){
	for(int i , i < l.size(), i++)
	System.out.println(l.get(i));
}

④<? super T>:  any class as long as extended by T (included)

List<Animal> l = new ArrayList<>();
		l.add(new Dog("H",12,"red"));
		Dog d = new Dog("K",11,"brown");
		test(l,d);
		System.out.println(l);
		test1(l,d);
		System.out.println(l);
	}
	
	public static <U> void test(List<? super U> l, U d){
		l.add(d);
	}

2. Exception:

Grammar: 

①try{

//normal sentences

}catch(Exception e){

//handle sentences

}finally{

//using to close some resources

}
②throws: Thorwing exception to superclass, and finally handled by Java.

*The Exception of subclass cannot throw over superclass.

③custom Exception:

throw new xxxException();(It must extends Exception, and will call the constructor of superclass)

④The difference of RuntimeException and none-RuntimeException:

(1)RuntimeException do not need to display Exception.

(2)Kinds:

3. IO:

①File:supporting files' or directories' basic information. but not include specific contents.

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
		File f = new File("d:/a.properties");
		System.out.println(f.exists());
		File f1 = new File("D:");
		File f2 = new File(f1,"a.properties");
		System.out.println(f2.exists());
		System.out.println(f.isFile());
		System.out.println(f.isDirectory());
		System.out.println(f.length());
		//System.out.println(f.createNewFile());
		//f.delete();
		//System.out.println(f.createNewFile());
		f.mkdir();
		f = new File("d:/b/c");
		f.mkdirs();
	}

②InputStream & Reader: they are abstract class and the superclass of all the InputStream. Allowing program read external data, like disk. There are three methods:

int read(): read single byte

int read(char[]/byte[]): read byte or char array

int read(char[]/byte[], int off, int len):read byte or char array since off position. 

(1)FileInputStream: (Byte Stream)

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
		FileInputStream f = new FileInputStream("src/com/bsr/day1128/Demo01.java");
		int len = -1;
		byte[] b = new byte[100];
		while((len = f.read(b)) != -1){//读位数而不是字符
			System.out.print(new String(b));//把数组转换成字符串
		}

	}

(2)FileReader: (Character Stream)

public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException {
		FileReader f = new FileReader("src/com/bsr/day1128/Demo01.java");
		int len = -1;
		try {
			while((len = f.read()) != -1){
				System.out.print((char) len);
			}
		} catch (IOException e) {
			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		
		f = new FileReader("src/com/bsr/day1128/Demo01.java");
		char[] c = new char[10];
		try {
			while((len = f.read(c)) != -1){
				System.out.print(new String(c,0,len));
			}
		} catch (IOException e) {
			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
	}

(3)FileOutputStream & FileWriter:

public static void main(String[] args) {
//		try {
			//FileOutputStream o = new FileOutputStream("d:/a.properties");
			
			try {
				FileWriter w = new FileWriter("d:/a.properties");
				w.write("World Hello!");
				w.flush();
			} catch (IOException e1) {
				// TODO Auto-generated catch block
				e1.printStackTrace();
			}
			/*try {
				o.write("hello world!".getBytes());
			} catch (IOException e) {
				// TODO Auto-generated catch block
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
			e.printStackTrace();
		}*/

	}

(4)Processing Stream: need a existing stream

public static void main(String[] args) {
		try {
			FileOutputStream o = new FileOutputStream("e:/a.properties");
			PrintStream p = new PrintStream(o);
			p.print("Hello");
		} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		

	}

(5)The system of IO:

(6)InputStreamReader & OutputStreamReader: using to converted Byte Stream into Character Stream

public static void main(String[] args) {
		InputStreamReader i = new InputStreamReader(System.in);
		BufferedReader b = new BufferedReader(i);
		try {
			System.out.println(b.readLine());
		} catch (IOException e) {
			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
			e.printStackTrace();
		}

	}

(7)SetOut(): redirect

public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException {
		System.setOut(new PrintStream("d:/a.properties"));
		System.out.println("hhhhhhhh");
	}

(8) Recursive walk of the files or directories in a disk:

package com.pd;

import java.io.File;

public class test2 {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		File f = new File("e:/");
		test(f);

	}
	public static void test(File f){
		File[] f1 = f.listFiles();
		for (int i = 0; i < f1.length; i++) {
			if(f1[i].isDirectory() && !f1[i].isHidden()){
				System.out.println(f1[i].getName());
				test(f1[i]);
		}else{
			System.out.println(f1[i].getName());
		}	
		}	
	}
}

*We need to consider the hidden files or directories of system, since we have to gain the permission otherwise it will throw NullPointerException.