目录
⼀ sudo命令执行流程
将当前⽤户切换到超级⽤户下,或切换到指定的⽤户下,然后以指定的⽤户⾝份执⾏命令,执⾏完成后,直接退回到当前⽤户。
具体⼯作过程如下:
- 当⽤户执⾏sudo时,系统会主动寻找/etc/sudoers⽂件,判断该⽤户是否有执⾏sudo的权限。
- 确认⽤户具有可执⾏sudo的权限后,让⽤户输⼊⽤户⾃⼰的密码确认。
- 若密码输⼊成功,则开始执⾏sudo后续的命令
⼆ 不需要输⼊密码
- root执⾏sudo时不需要输⼊密码(sudoers⽂件中有配置root ALL=(ALL) ALL这样⼀条规则)。
- 欲切换的⾝份与执⾏者的⾝份相同,不需要输⼊密码。
- /etc/sudoers⽂件中为允许⽤户在不输⼊该⽤户的密码的情况下使⽤所有命令。
如设置允许wheel⽤户组中的⽤户在不输⼊该⽤户的密码的情况下使⽤所有命令。
%wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
三、/etc/sudoers⽂件解释
## Sudoers allows particular users to run various commands as
## the root user, without needing the root password.
##该⽂件允许特定⽤户像root⽤户⼀样使⽤各种各样的命令,⽽不需要root⽤户的密码。
##
## Examples are provided at the bottom of the file for collections
## of related commands, which can then be delegated out to particular
## users or groups.
## 在⽂件的底部提供了很多相关命令的⽰例以供选择,这些⽰例都可以被特定⽤户或
## ⽤户组所使⽤
##
## This file must be edited with the 'visudo' command.
## 该⽂件必须使⽤"visudo"命令编辑
##
## Host Aliases
## 主机别名
## Groups of machines. You may prefer to use hostnames (perhap using
## wildcards for entire domains) or IP addresses instead.
## 对于⼀组服务器,你可能会更喜欢使⽤主机名(可能是全域名的通配符)
## 或IP地址代替,这时可以配置主机别名
# Host_Alias FILESERVERS = fs1, fs2
# Host_Alias MAILSERVERS = smtp, smtp2
## User Aliases
#⽤户别名
## These aren't often necessary, as you can use regular groups
## (ie, from files, LDAP, NIS, etc) in this file - just use %groupname
## rather than USERALIAS
## 通过使⽤组来代替⼀组⽤户的别名
# User_Alias ADMINS = jsmith, mikem
## Command Aliases
## These are groups of related commands...
## 指定⼀系列相互关联的命令(当然可以是⼀个)的别名,通过赋予该别名sudo权限,
## 可以通过sudo调⽤所有别名包含的命令,下⾯是⼀些⽰例
## Networking
#⽹络操作相关命令别名
Cmnd_Alias NETWORKING = /usr/sbin/route,/usr/sbin/ifconfig,/usr/bin/ping,/usr/sbin/dhclient,
/usr/bin/net,/usr/sbin/iptables,/usr/bin/rfcomm,/usr/bin/wvdial,
/usr/sbin/mii-tool
## Installation and management of software
#软件安装管理相关命令别名
Cmnd_Alias SOFTWARE = /usr/bin/rpm,/usr/bin/yum
## Services
#服务相关命令别名
Cmnd_Alias SERVICES = /usr/sbin/service, /usr/sbin/chkconfig
## Updating the locate database
#本地数据库升级命令别名
Cmnd_Alias LOCATE = /usr/bin/updatedb
## Storage
#磁盘操作相关命令别名
Cmnd_Alias STORAGE = /usr/sbin/fdisk,/usr/sbin/sfdisk,/usr/sbin/parted, /sbin/partprobe,/usr/bin/mount,/usr/bin/umount
## Delegating permissions
#代理权限相关命令别名
Cmnd_Alias DELEGATING = /usr/sbin/visudo,/usr/bin/chown,/usr/bin/chmod,/usr/bin/chgrp
## Processes
#进程相关命令别名
Cmnd_Alias PROCESSES = /usr/bin/nice,/usr/bin/kill,/usr/bin/kill,/usr/bin/killall
## Drivers
#驱动命令别名
Cmnd_Alias DRIVERS = /usr/sbin/modprobe
#环境变量的相关配置
# Defaults specification
#
# Disable "ssh hostname sudo <cmd>", because it will show the password in clear.
# You have to run "ssh -t hostname sudo <cmd>".
#
Defaults requiretty
Defaults env_reset
Defaults env_keep = "COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR \
LS_COLORS MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME \
LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION \
LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC \
LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS \
_XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY"
## Next comes the main part: which users can run what software on
## which machines (the sudoers file can be shared between multiple
## systems).
## 下⾯是规则配置:XX⽤户在XX服务器上可以执⾏XX命令(sudoers⽂件可以在多个系统上共享)
## Syntax:
##语法
## user MACHINE=COMMANDS
## ⽤户登录的主机=(可以变换的⾝份)可以执⾏的命令
##
## The COMMANDS section may have other options added to it.
## 命令部分可以附带⼀些其它的选项
##
## Allow root to run any commands anywhere
## 允许root⽤户执⾏任意路径下的任意命令
root ALL=(ALL) ALL
## Allows members of the 'sys' group to run networking, software,
## service management apps and more.
# %sys ALL = NETWORKING, SOFTWARE, SERVICES, STORAGE, DELEGATING, PROCESSES, LOCATE, DRIVERS
## 允许sys中户组中的⽤户使⽤NETWORKING等所有别名中配置的命令
## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands
# %wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL
## 允许wheel⽤户组中的⽤户执⾏所有命令
## Same thing without a password
## 允许wheel⽤户组中的⽤户在不输⼊该⽤户的密码的情况下使⽤所有命令
# %wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
## Allows members of the users group to mount and unmount the
## cdrom as root
## 允许users⽤户组中的⽤户像root⽤户⼀样使⽤mount、unmount、chrom命令
# %users ALL=/sbin/mount /mnt/cdrom, /sbin/umount /mnt/cdrom
## Allows members of the users group to shutdown this system
# %users localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now
## 允许users⽤户组中的⽤户像root⽤户⼀样使⽤shutdown命令
四、实际案例演⽰
实例1:让普通⽤户fieldyang具有/etc/init.d/nagios脚本重启的权限,可以在/etc/sudoers添加如下设置:
[root@test ~]# visudo
fieldyang ALL=NOPASSWD:/etc/init.d/nagios restart
实例2:让普通⽤户fieldyang具有所有超级⽤户的权限⽽⼜不⽤输⼊密码
[root@test ~]# visudo
fieldyang ALL=(ALL)NOPASSWD:ALL
[fieldyang@test ~]#sudo su -
[fieldyang@test ~]#pwd
/root
实例3:针对MySQL数据库的设置,让test组中的test⽤户具备/etc/init.d/mysqld的权限
1.
[root@test ~]# groupadd test
[root@test ~]# useradd -g test -m -d /home/test -s /bin/bash test
[root@test ~]# passwd test
2.
[root@test ~]# visudo
# test ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /etc/init.d/mysqld
test ALL=(ALL) /etc/init.d/mysqld