描述符协议

class Grade:
    def __init__(self):
        self._value = 0
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        return self._value

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        if not (0 <= value <= 100):
            raise ValueError('Grad must be 0 and 100')
        self._value = value

class Exam:
    math_grad = Grade()
    writting_grad = Grade()
    science_grad = Grade()


first_exam = Exam()
second_exam = Exam()
first_exam.writting_grad = 92
first_exam.math_grad = 80
#所有的Exam实例都要共享同一份Grade实例， 当程序定义Exam类的时候，他会把Grade实例构件好，以后创建Exam实例，就不在构件Grad
second_exam.math_grad = 100
#first_exam.science_grad = 120
print('writing', first_exam.writting_grad)
print('math', first_exam.math_grad)
print('second', second_exam.math_grad)
#print('science', first_exam.science_grad)

#把每个Exam实例多对应的值得记录到Grade中
class Grade:
    def __init__(self):
        self._value = {}
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        if instance is None: return self
        return self._value.get(instance, 0)
    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        if not (0 <= value <= 100):
            raise ValueError('Grade must be between 0 and 100')
        self._value[instance] = value

class Exam(object):
    math_grade = Grade()
    writing_grade = Grade()
    science_grade = Grade()

first_exam = Exam()
first_exam.writting_grad = 82
second_exam = Exam()
second_exam.writing_grade = 72
# print('writing1', first_exam.writting_grad)
# print('writing2', second_exam.writting_grad)

#这样会造成内存泄漏，解决办法是WeakKeyDictionary
from weakref import WeakKeyDictionary
class Grade2(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._value = WeakKeyDictionary()
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        if instance is None: return self
        return self._value.get(instance, 0)
    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        if not (0 <= value <= 100):
            raise ValueError('Grade must be between 0 and 100')
        self._value[instance] = value

class Exam(object):
    math_grade = Grade2()
    writing_grade = Grade2()
    science_grade = Grade2()

first_exam = Exam()
first_exam.writing_grade = 82
second_exam = Exam()
second_exam.writing_grade = 72
print('writing1', first_exam.writing_grade)
print('writing2', second_exam.writing_grade)