golang基础

• ++/-- 是语句，不是表达式，只能单独成句

var n = 0
// 错误使用
// func add() int {
//     n = n++		// syntax error: unexpected ++ at end of statement
// 	   return n++	// syntax error: unexpected ++ at end of statement
// }

func add() int {
	n++	// 单独成句
	return n
}

• 函数参数入栈顺序：从右往左？？

package main

import "fmt"

var cnt = 1

func f1() int {
    cnt++
    return cnt
}

func f2() int {
    cnt--
    return cnt
}

func main() {
	fmt.Println(f1(), f2()) // 2 1？？？为什么不是先执行f2()
}

• 闭包 = 函数 + 运行环境

func makeSuffixFunc(suffix string) func(string) string {
	return func(name string) string {
		if !strings.HasSuffix(name, suffix) {
			return name + suffix
		}
		return name
	}
}

func main() {
	jpgFunc := makeSuffixFunc(".jpg")
	txtFunc := makeSuffixFunc(".txt")
	fmt.Println(jpgFunc("test")) //test.jpg
	fmt.Println(txtFunc("test")) //test.txt
}

• 查看go内置函数定义：go doc builtin.make

package builtin // import "builtin"

func make(t Type, size ...IntegerType) Type
    The make built-in function allocates and initializes an object of type
    slice, map, or chan (only). Like new, the first argument is a type, not a
    value. Unlike new, make's return type is the same as the type of its
    argument, not a pointer to it. The specification of the result depends on
    the type:

        Slice: The size specifies the length. The capacity of the slice is
        equal to its length. A second integer argument may be provided to
        specify a different capacity; it must be no smaller than the
        length. For example, make([]int, 0, 10) allocates an underlying array
        of size 10 and returns a slice of length 0 and capacity 10 that is
        backed by this underlying array.
        Map: An empty map is allocated with enough space to hold the
        specified number of elements. The size may be omitted, in which case
        a small starting size is allocated.
        Channel: The channel's buffer is initialized with the specified
        buffer capacity. If zero, or the size is omitted, the channel is
        unbuffered.

• 函数返回值与defer关系（函数调用栈）

1. 匿名返回值：返回值为局部变量的副本

func f1() int {
	x := 5
	defer func() {
		x++
	}()
	return x
}

func main() {
	fmt.Println(f1())	// 输出5，返回值为x的副本，defer修改x不修改返回值
}

2. 具名返回值：局部变量共享返回值

func f1() (x int) {
	defer func() {
		x++
	}()
	return 5
}

func main() {
	fmt.Println(f1())	// 输出6，defer中修改的x为返回值
}

3. defer中函数参数值取用在调用defer语句时的值，而非执行defer语句时

func main() {
	a := 1
	defer func(x int) {
		fmt.Println(x)	// 1
	}(a)
	a++
	fmt.Println(a)		// 2
}

• golang 内存管理
  • 逃逸分析（escape analysis）