Android开发艺术探索——第十章:Android的消息机制

一.Android的消息机制概述

前面提到,Android的消息机制主要是指Handler的运行机制以及所附带的MessageQueue和Looper的工作过程,这三者实际上是一个整体,只不过我们在开发的时候比较接触多的是Handler而已,Handler的主要作用是将一个任务切换到某个指定的线程中去执行,那么Android为什么要提供这种功能呢?这是因为android的UI规范不允许子线程更新UI,否则会抛出异常,ViewRootImpl对UI的操作做了验证,这个验证工作是由ViewRootImpl的checkThread来完成的。

    void checkThread() {
        if (mThread != Thread.currentThread()) {
            throw new CalledFromWrongThreadException(
                    "Only the original thread that created a view hierarchy can touch its views.");
        }
    }

这个异常相信很多人见过,由于这一点,并且Android又不允许在主线程有耗时的操作,所以我们必须要在子线程中完成耗时后转回到主线程更新某些东西,这里就需要用到Handler了,如果没有Handler,我们的确没有办法切换到主线程,所以,系统提供Handler,主要的原因就是解决在子线程中无法访问UI的矛盾

这里又要说了,系统为什么不允许在子线程访问UI呢?这是因为Android的UI控件不是线程安全的,如果在多线程中并发访问可能会导致UI控件处于不可预期的状态,那为什么系统不对UI控件访问加上锁机制呢?缺点有两个,首先加上锁后会让UI访问的逻辑变得复杂,其次是会降低UI的访问频率,所以最简单搞笑就是采用单线程模型来处理UI操作,对于开发者来说也不算太麻烦,只需要切换一下即可

Handler的使用方法这里我就不做介绍了,我们来说下他的工作原理,Handler的创建会采用当前线程的Lopper来构建内部的消息循环系统,如果没有,就会报错

如何解决这个问题,只需要为当前线程创建一个looper即可,或者在一个有Lopper的线程中创建Handler也行,后面会讲到

Handler创建完毕后这个时候内部的Lopper以及MeaasgeQueue也可以和Handler一起协同工作,然后通过Handler的post方法将一个Runnable投递到Handler内部的Lopper中去处理,也可以通过Handler的send方法发送一个消息,这个消息同样会在Lopper中去处理,其实post方法最终还是通过send方法来完成的,接下来我们来看下send方法的工作过程,当Handler的send被调用的时候,会他向MessageQueu的enqueueMessage方法将这个消息放入消息队列,然后Lopper发现新消息到来时,就会处理这个消息,最终消息的Runnable或者Handler的handlerMessage方法就被调用,注意Lopper是运行在创建Handler所在的线程中,这样Handler中的业务就会被切换到所在线程就执行了,如图

这里写图片描述

二.Android的消息机制分析

1.ThreadLocal的工作原理

ThreadLocal是一个线程内部的数据存储类,通过它可以在执行的线程中存储数据,数据存储后,只有在指定线程中可以获取到存储的数据,对于其他线程来说则无法获取到数据,在日常开发中用到ThreadLocal的地方很好,但是在某些特殊的场景下,通过ThreadLocal可以轻松的实现一些看起来很复杂的功能,这一点在android的源码中也有所体现,比如Lopper,ActivityThread以及AMS中都是用到了ThreadLocal,这个不好描述,一般来说,某一个数据是以线程为作用域并且不同线程具有不同的Lopper,这个时候通过ThreadLocal就可以轻松的实现Looper在线程中的存取,如果不采取ThreadLocal,那么系统就必须提供一个全局的哈希表来Handler查找指定线程的Lopper,这样一来就必须提供一个类似于LooperManager的类了,但是系统并没有这么做而是选择了ThreadLocal,这就是ThreadLocal的好处。

ThreadLocal的另一个使用场景是复杂逻辑下的对象传递,比如监听器的传承,有些时候一个线程中的任务过于复杂,这可能表现为函数调用栈比较深以及代码入口的多样性,在这种情况下,我们又需要监听器能够贯穿
整个线程的执行代码,这个时候可以怎么做呢?其实这个时候就采用ThreadLocal,采用ThreadLocal可以让监听器作为线程内的全局对象而存在,在线程内部只要通过get方法就可以获取监听器,如果不采用ThreadLocal,那么我们能想到的如下两个办法,第一个是讲监听器作为参数的形式在函数调用栈中进行传递,第二种方法就是将监听器作为静态变量供线程访问,上述的两种办法都是有局限性的,第一种办法的问题是当函数调用栈深的时候,通过函数参数来传递监听器对象这几乎是不可接受的,这会让程序设计看起来很糟糕,第二种是可以接受,但是这种状态是不具有可扩展性的,比如同时两个线程在执行,那么需要提供两个静态的监听器对象,如果10个就需要10个监听器?这显然是不可思议的,而采取ThreadLocal,每隔监听器对象都有自己的线程内部存储,根本就不存在这个方法2的问题

介绍了这么多ThreadLocal的知识,可能还是有点抽象。下面通过实际的例子来演示ThreadLocal的真正含义,首先定义一个ThreadLocal对象,这里选择Boolean类型的,如下

    private ThreadLocal<Boolean> mBooleanThread = new ThreadLocal<Boolean>();

然后分别在主线程,子线程1和2中访问

        mBooleanThread.set(true);
        Log.i(TAG, "主线程:" + mBooleanThread.get());

        new Thread("Thread #1") {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                mBooleanThread.set(false);
                Log.i(TAG, "Thread #1:" + mBooleanThread.get());
            }
        }.start();

        new Thread("Thread #2") {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                Log.i(TAG, "Thread #2:" + mBooleanThread.get());
            }
        }.start();

这段代码中,主线程设置了ThreadLocal为true。而在子线程1中设置了false然后分别获取他们的值。这个时候主线程为true,子线程1中应该为false,而子线程2中由于没有设置,所以应该是null

这里写图片描述

虽然在不同线程中访问的是同一个ThreadLocal对象,但是他们通过ThreadLocal获取到的值确实不一样的,这就是ThreadLocal的奇妙之处,结合这个例子然后再看一遍前面对ThreadLocal这个场景的使用和分析,我们应该就能比较好的理解ThreadLocal的使用方法了,ThreadLocal之所以有这么奇妙的效果,是因为不同线程访问同一个ThreadLocal的get,ThreadLocal内部会从各自的线程中取出一个数组,然后从数组中根据当前的ThreadLocal索引查出对应的calue值,很显然,不同线程中的数组是不同的,这就是为什么通过ThreadLocal可以在不同的线程中维护一套数据的副本并且互不干扰。

首先看ThreadLocal的set方法

    public void set(T value) {
        Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread();
        Values values = values(currentThread);
        if (values == null) {
            values = initializeValues(currentThread);
        }
        values.put(this, value);
    }

在上面的set方法中会通过values方法来获取当前线程的ThreadLocal数组,其实获取的方法也很简单,在Thread内部有一个成员专门用于存储线程的ThreadLocal数据:ThreadLocal.Values localValues,因此获取当前线程的ThreadLocal数据就变成异常简单了,如果loaclValues内部有一个数组:private Object[]tavle,ThreadLocal的值就存在这个table数组中,下面看一下localValues是如何使用put方法将ThreadLocal的值存储到table数组中的:

       void put(ThreadLocal<?> key, Object value) {
            cleanUp();

            // Keep track of first tombstone. That's where we want to go back
            // and add an entry if necessary.
            int firstTombstone = -1;

            for (int index = key.hash & mask;; index = next(index)) {
                Object k = table[index];

                if (k == key.reference) {
                    // Replace existing entry.
                    table[index + 1] = value;
                    return;
                }

                if (k == null) {
                    if (firstTombstone == -1) {
                        // Fill in null slot.
                        table[index] = key.reference;
                        table[index + 1] = value;
                        size++;
                        return;
                    }

                    // Go back and replace first tombstone.
                    table[firstTombstone] = key.reference;
                    table[firstTombstone + 1] = value;
                    tombstones--;
                    size++;
                    return;
                }

                // Remember first tombstone.
                if (firstTombstone == -1 && k == TOMBSTONE) {
                    firstTombstone = index;
                }
            }
        }

上面的代码实现了一个数据的存储过程,这里不去分析具体算法,但是我们可以看出一个存储规则,那就是ThreadLocal的值在table数组中的存储位置总是为ThreadLocal的refeence字段所标识的对象的下一个位置,比如ThreadLocal的reference对象在table数组中的索引为index,那么ThreadLocal的值在table数组中的索引就是index + 1 ,最终ThreadLocal的值将会被存储在table数组中,table[index + 1] = vales

我们再来看下get方法

    public T get() {
        // Optimized for the fast path.
        Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread();
        Values values = values(currentThread);
        if (values != null) {
            Object[] table = values.table;
            int index = hash & values.mask;
            if (this.reference == table[index]) {
                return (T) table[index + 1];
            }
        } else {
            values = initializeValues(currentThread);
        }

        return (T) values.getAfterMiss(this);
    }

可以发现ThreadLocal的get方法逻辑还算是比较清晰,他同样是取当前线程的localValues对象,如果这个对象为null那么就返回初始值,初始值由ThreadLocal的initialValue方法来描述,默认情况下为null,当然也可以重写这个方法,他的默认实现是:

    protected T initialValue() {
        return null;
    }

如果localValues对象不为null,那就取出他的table数组并找出ThreadLocal的rederence对象在table数组中的位置,然后table数组的下一个位置所存储的数据就是ThreadLocal的值

从ThreadLocal的set和get方法可以看出,他们所操作的独享都是当前线程的localValues对象和table数组,因此在不同线程中访问同一个ThreadLocal的set和get方法,他们对ThreadLocal所做的读写操作仅限于各自内部,这就是为什么ThreadLocal可以在多个线程找那个互不干扰的存储和修改数据,理解了ThreadLocal我们就可以理解Lopper的工作原理了

2.消息队列的工作原理

消息队列在Android中指的是MessageQueue,MessageQueue主要包含两个操作,插入和读取,读取操作本身会伴随着删除操作,插入和读取对应的方法分别为enqueueMessage和next,其中enqueueMessage的作用是往消息队列中插入一条消息,而next的作用是从消息队列中取出一条消息并将其从消息队列中一处,尽管MessageQueue叫消息队列,但是他的内部实现并不是用的队列,实际上它是通过一个单链表的数据结构来维护消息队列,单链表的插入和删除上比较有优势,下面主要看一下他的enqueueMessage和next方法的实现:

   boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
        if (msg.isInUse()) {
            throw new AndroidRuntimeException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
        }
        if (msg.target == null) {
            throw new AndroidRuntimeException("Message must have a target.");
        }

        synchronized (this) {
            if (mQuitting) {
                RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                        msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                Log.w("MessageQueue", e.getMessage(), e);
                return false;
            }

            msg.when = when;
            Message p = mMessages;
            boolean needWake;
            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked;
            } else {
                // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
                // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
                // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
                needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
                Message prev;
                for (;;) {
                    prev = p;
                    p = p.next;
                    if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                        break;
                    }
                    if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                        needWake = false;
                    }
                }
                msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                prev.next = msg;
            }

            // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
            if (needWake) {
                nativeWake(mPtr);
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

从enqueueMessage的实现中可以看出,他的主要操作就是单链接的插入操作,这里就不一一再过多解释了,下面看一下next方法的实现,next的主要逻辑:

   Message next() {
        int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
        int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        for (;;) {
            if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
                Binder.flushPendingCommands();
            }

            // We can assume mPtr != 0 because the loop is obviously still running.
            // The looper will not call this method after the loop quits.
            nativePollOnce(mPtr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);

            synchronized (this) {
                // Try to retrieve the next message.  Return if found.
                final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
                Message prevMsg = null;
                Message msg = mMessages;
                if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                    // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
                    do {
                        prevMsg = msg;
                        msg = msg.next;
                    } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
                }
                if (msg != null) {
                    if (now < msg.when) {
                        // Next message is not ready.  Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
                        nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                    } else {
                        // Got a message.
                        mBlocked = false;
                        if (prevMsg != null) {
                            prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                        } else {
                            mMessages = msg.next;
                        }
                        msg.next = null;
                        if (false) Log.v("MessageQueue", "Returning message: " + msg);
                        msg.markInUse();
                        return msg;
                    }
                } else {
                    // No more messages.
                    nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
                }

                // Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
                if (mQuitting) {
                    dispose();
                    return null;
                }

                // If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
                // Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
                // in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
                if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
                        && (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
                    pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
                }
                if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
                    // No idle handlers to run.  Loop and wait some more.
                    mBlocked = true;
                    continue;
                }

                if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
                    mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
                }
                mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
            }

            // Run the idle handlers.
            // We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
            for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
                final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
                mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler

                boolean keep = false;
                try {
                    keep = idler.queueIdle();
                } catch (Throwable t) {
                    Log.wtf("MessageQueue", "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
                }

                if (!keep) {
                    synchronized (this) {
                        mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
                    }
                }
            }

            // Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
            pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;

            // While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
            // so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
            nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        }
    }

可以发现next方法是一个无限循环的方法,如果消息队列中没有消息,那么next方法会一直阻塞在这里,当有新消息到来时,next方法会返回这条消息并将其从单链表中移除

3.Lopper的工作原理

Looper在消息机制中扮演着消息循环的角色,具体来说就是她会不停的从MessageQueue中查看是否有新消息,如果有新消息就会立即处理,否则就会一直阻塞在那里,我们先来看下他的构造方法,在构造方法里他会创建一个MessageQueue,然后将当前线程的对象保存起来:

    private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
        mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
        mThread = Thread.currentThread();
    }

我们都知道,Handler的工作需要Looper,没有Looper的线程就会报错,那么如何为一个线程创建Looper,其实很简单,就是通过Looper.prepare()就可以为他创建了,然后通过Looper.loop来开启循环

        new Thread("Thread #2") {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                Looper.prepare();
                Handler mHandler = new Handler();
                Looper.loop();
            }
        }.start();

Looper除了prepare方法外,还提供了parpareMainLooper方法,这个方法主要是给主线程也就是ActivityThread创建Looper使用的,由于主线程的Looper比较特殊,所以Looper提供了一个getMainLooper方法,通过他可以在任何地方获取到主线程的Looper,Looper也是可以退出的,提供了quir和quitSafely来退出一个Looper,二者的区别是:quit会直接退出,但是quitSafely是退出一个Looper,然后把消息队列中已有消息处理完毕后才安全退出,Looper退出后,通过Handler发送的消息会失败,这个时候Handler的send方法会返回false,在子线程中,如果手动为其创建了Looper,那么所有的事情完成以后应该调用quit方法来终止循环,否则子线程会一直处于等待状态,而如归Looper退出以后,这个县城就会立刻终止,因此建议不需要的时候终止Looper

Looper最重要的一个方法是loop,只有调用loop,这个消息循环才会真正的起作用

   public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }

            // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
            Printer logging = me.mLogging;
            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                        msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
            }

            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);

            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
            }

            // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
            // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
            final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            if (ident != newIdent) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                        + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                        + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
            }

            msg.recycle();
        }
    }

Looper的loop方法在工作过程也比较好理解,loop方法是死循环,唯一跳出循环的方法是MessageQueue的next方法返回null,当Looper被quit方法调用时,Looper就会调用MessageQueue的quit和quitSafely方法来通知队列退出,当消息队列被标记为退出状态的时候,他的next方法就会返回null,也就是说,Looper必须退出,否则loop方法就会无限循环下去,loop方法会调用MessageQueue的nect来获取最新消息,而next是一个阻塞操作,当没有消息事,next就会阻塞,这也就导致loop方法一直阻塞在哪里,如果MessageQueue的next返回最新消息,Looper就会处理这条消息:msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg),这里的msg.target是发送这条消息的Handler对象,这样Handler的dispacthManage方法是在创建Handler时所使用的Lopper执行,这样就成功的将代码逻辑切换到指定的线程中去执行。

4.Handler的工作原理

Handler的工作主要是包含消息的发送和接收过程,消息的发送是通过post的一系列和send来实现的,我们来看下:

    /**
     * Pushes a message onto the end of the message queue after all pending messages
     * before the current time. It will be received in {@link #handleMessage},
     * in the thread attached to this handler.
     *  
     * @return Returns true if the message was successfully placed in to the 
     *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the
     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.
     */
    public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
    {
        return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Sends a Message containing only the what value.
     *  
     * @return Returns true if the message was successfully placed in to the 
     *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the
     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.
     */
    public final boolean sendEmptyMessage(int what)
    {
        return sendEmptyMessageDelayed(what, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Sends a Message containing only the what value, to be delivered
     * after the specified amount of time elapses.
     * @see #sendMessageDelayed(android.os.Message, long) 
     * 
     * @return Returns true if the message was successfully placed in to the 
     *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the
     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.
     */
    public final boolean sendEmptyMessageDelayed(int what, long delayMillis) {
        Message msg = Message.obtain();
        msg.what = what;
        return sendMessageDelayed(msg, delayMillis);
    }

    /**
     * Sends a Message containing only the what value, to be delivered 
     * at a specific time.
     * @see #sendMessageAtTime(android.os.Message, long)
     *  
     * @return Returns true if the message was successfully placed in to the 
     *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the
     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.
     */

    public final boolean sendEmptyMessageAtTime(int what, long uptimeMillis) {
        Message msg = Message.obtain();
        msg.what = what;
        return sendMessageAtTime(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

    /**
     * Enqueue a message into the message queue after all pending messages
     * before (current time + delayMillis). You will receive it in
     * {@link #handleMessage}, in the thread attached to this handler.
     *  
     * @return Returns true if the message was successfully placed in to the 
     *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the
     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.  Note that a
     *         result of true does not mean the message will be processed -- if
     *         the looper is quit before the delivery time of the message
     *         occurs then the message will be dropped.
     */
    public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
    {
        if (delayMillis < 0) {
            delayMillis = 0;
        }
        return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
    }

    /**
     * Enqueue a message into the message queue after all pending messages
     * before the absolute time (in milliseconds) <var>uptimeMillis</var>.
     * <b>The time-base is {@link android.os.SystemClock#uptimeMillis}.</b>
     * You will receive it in {@link #handleMessage}, in the thread attached
     * to this handler.
     * 
     * @param uptimeMillis The absolute time at which the message should be
     *         delivered, using the
     *         {@link android.os.SystemClock#uptimeMillis} time-base.
     *         
     * @return Returns true if the message was successfully placed in to the 
     *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the
     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.  Note that a
     *         result of true does not mean the message will be processed -- if
     *         the looper is quit before the delivery time of the message
     *         occurs then the message will be dropped.
     */
    public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
        if (queue == null) {
            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                    this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
            Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
            return false;
        }
        return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

    /**
     * Enqueue a message at the front of the message queue, to be processed on
     * the next iteration of the message loop.  You will receive it in
     * {@link #handleMessage}, in the thread attached to this handler.
     * <b>This method is only for use in very special circumstances -- it
     * can easily starve the message queue, cause ordering problems, or have
     * other unexpected side-effects.</b>
     *  
     * @return Returns true if the message was successfully placed in to the 
     *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the
     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.
     */
    public final boolean sendMessageAtFrontOfQueue(Message msg) {
        MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
        if (queue == null) {
            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
            Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
            return false;
        }
        return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, 0);
    }

    private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        msg.target = this;
        if (mAsynchronous) {
            msg.setAsynchronous(true);
        }
        return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

可以发现,Handler发消息仅仅是向消息队列里插入一条消息,MessageQueue的next方法就会返回这条消息给Looper,最终Handler的dispatchMessage方法就会被调用,这个时候Handler就进入了处理消息的阶段,dispatchMessage的实现如下:

    public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

首先,他会检查Message的callback是否为null,不为null就通过handlerCallback来处理消息,Message的callback是一个Runnable对象,实际上就是Handler的post方法所传递Runnable参数,handlerCallback的逻辑也很简单。

    private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
        message.callback.run();
    }

其次是检查mCallback是否为null,不为null就调用mCallback的handlerMessage方法来处理消息,Callback是个接口

    public interface Callback {
        public boolean handleMessage(Message msg);
    }

通过Callback可以采用如下的方式来创建Handler对象,Handler handler = new Handler(callback),那么callback的含义在什么呢?源码里面的注释已经说明,可以用来创建一个Handler的实例单并不需要派生Handler的子类,在日常开发中,创建handler最常见的方式就是派生一个handler子类并重写handlerMessage来处理具体的消息,而Callback给我们提供了另外一种使用Handler的方式,当我们不想派生子类的时候,就可以通过Callback来实现,最后通过调用Handler的handlerMessage方法来处理消息,Handler处理消息的过程

这里写图片描述

Handler有一个特殊的构造方法,那就是通过一个特定的Looper来构造Handler,他的实现如下:

    public Handler(Looper looper) {
        this(looper, null, false);
    }

下面再来看下Handler的默认构造方法public Handler,这个构造方法是调用下面的构造方法,很明显,如果当前线程没有Looper的话,就会抛出Cant create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare 这个异常,这个解释在没有Looper的子线程创建handler会引发程序异常的原因

    public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
        if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
            final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
            if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                    (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
                Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                    klass.getCanonicalName());
            }
        }

        mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
        if (mLooper == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
        }
        mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
        mCallback = callback;
        mAsynchronous = async;
    }

三.主线程的消息循环

Android的主线程就是ActivityThread,主线程的入口为main,在main方法中系统通过Looper.prepareMainLooper来创建主线程的Looper和MessageQueue,并且通过loop来循环

   public static void main(String[] args) {
        SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();

        // CloseGuard defaults to true and can be quite spammy.  We
        // disable it here, but selectively enable it later (via
        // StrictMode) on debug builds, but using DropBox, not logs.
        CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);

        Environment.initForCurrentUser();

        // Set the reporter for event logging in libcore
        EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter());

        Security.addProvider(new AndroidKeyStoreProvider());

        Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");

        Looper.prepareMainLooper();

        ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
        thread.attach(false);

        if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
            sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
        }

        AsyncTask.init();

        if (false) {
            Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
                    LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
        }

        Looper.loop();

        throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
    }
}

主线程开始循环之后,ActivityThread还需要一个Handler来和消息队列交互,也就是H

    private class H extends Handler {
        public static final int LAUNCH_ACTIVITY         = 100;
        public static final int PAUSE_ACTIVITY          = 101;
        public static final int PAUSE_ACTIVITY_FINISHING= 102;
        public static final int STOP_ACTIVITY_SHOW      = 103;
        public static final int STOP_ACTIVITY_HIDE      = 104;
        public static final int SHOW_WINDOW             = 105;
        public static final int HIDE_WINDOW             = 106;
        public static final int RESUME_ACTIVITY         = 107;
        public static final int SEND_RESULT             = 108;
        public static final int DESTROY_ACTIVITY        = 109;
        public static final int BIND_APPLICATION        = 110;
        public static final int EXIT_APPLICATION        = 111;
        public static final int NEW_INTENT              = 112;
        public static final int RECEIVER                = 113;
        public static final int CREATE_SERVICE          = 114;
        public static final int SERVICE_ARGS            = 115;
        public static final int STOP_SERVICE            = 116;
        public static final int REQUEST_THUMBNAIL       = 117;
        public static final int CONFIGURATION_CHANGED   = 118;
        public static final int CLEAN_UP_CONTEXT        = 119;
        public static final int GC_WHEN_IDLE            = 120;
        public static final int BIND_SERVICE            = 121;
        public static final int UNBIND_SERVICE          = 122;
        public static final int DUMP_SERVICE            = 123;
        public static final int LOW_MEMORY              = 124;
        public static final int ACTIVITY_CONFIGURATION_CHANGED = 125;
        public static final int RELAUNCH_ACTIVITY       = 126;
        public static final int PROFILER_CONTROL        = 127;
        public static final int CREATE_BACKUP_AGENT     = 128;
        public static final int DESTROY_BACKUP_AGENT    = 129;
        public static final int SUICIDE                 = 130;
        public static final int REMOVE_PROVIDER         = 131;
        public static final int ENABLE_JIT              = 132;
        public static final int DISPATCH_PACKAGE_BROADCAST = 133;
        public static final int SCHEDULE_CRASH          = 134;
        public static final int DUMP_HEAP               = 135;
        public static final int DUMP_ACTIVITY           = 136;
        public static final int SLEEPING                = 137;
        public static final int SET_CORE_SETTINGS       = 138;
        public static final int UPDATE_PACKAGE_COMPATIBILITY_INFO = 139;

ActivityThread通过ApplicationThread和AMS进程进程间通信,AMS以
进程间通信的方法完成ActivityThread的请求后回调后者的Binder方法,然后通过H发送消息,H收到消息后将ApplicationThread中的逻辑切换到ActivityThread去执行,这就是切换到主线程去执行,这个过程就是主线程的消息循环模型。

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