Summary_3——Python:从入门到实践(完结撒花~)

Python:从入门到实践

文件读取

• 读取全部

  with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object:
    contents = file_object.read()
    print(contents)
  

  3.1415926535
   8979323846
   2643383279
  
  Process finished with exit code 0
  

• 按行读取

  #按行读取
  #①
  filename = 'pi_digits.txt'
  #②
  with open(filename) as file_object:
    #③
    for line in file_object:
      print(line)
  

  3.1415926535
  
   8979323846
  
   2643383279
  
  Process finished with exit code 0
  

  为何会出现这些空白行呢？因为在这个文件中，每行的末尾都有一个看不见的换行符，而print 语句也会加上一个换行符，因此每行末尾都有两个换行符：一个来自文件，另一
  个来自print 语句。要消除这些多余的空白行，可在print 语句中使用rstrip() ：

  #按行读取
  #①
  filename = 'pi_digits.txt'
  #②
  with open(filename) as file_object:
    #③
    for line in file_object:
  
      print(line.rstrip())
  

  3.1415926535
   8979323846
   2643383279
  
  Process finished with exit code 0
  

• 创建一个包含文件各行内容的列表

  filename = 'pi_digits.txt'
  with open(filename) as file_object:
    lines = file_object.readlines()
    for line in lines:
      print(line.rstrip())
  

  此时lines为list

  3.1415926535
   8979323846
   2643383279
  
  Process finished with exit code 0
  

• 使用文件的内容

  filename = 'pi_digits.txt'
  with open(filename) as file_object:
    lines = file_object.readlines()
  pi_string = ''
  for line in lines:
    pi_string += line.rstrip()
  print(pi_string)
  print(len(pi_string))
  

  3.1415926535 8979323846 2643383279
  34
  
  Process finished with exit code 0
  

• 在变量pi_string 存储的字符串中，包含原来位于每行左边的空格，为删除这些空格，可使用strip() 而不是rstrip() ：

  filename = 'pi_digits.txt'
  with open(filename) as file_object:
    lines = file_object.readlines()
  pi_string = ''
  for line in lines:
    pi_string += line.strip()
  print(pi_string)
  print(len(pi_string))
  

  3.141592653589793238462643383279
  32
  
  Process finished with exit code 0
  

• 圆周率值中包含你的生日吗

  filename = 'pi_million_digits.txt'
   with open(filename) as file_object:
   lines = file_object.readlines()
   pi_string = ''
   for line in lines:
   pi_string += line.rstrip()
  ❶ birthday = input("Enter your birthday, in the form mmddyy: ") 
  ❷ if birthday in pi_string:
   print("Your birthday appears in the first million digits of pi!")
   else:
   print("Your birthday does not appear in the first million digits of pi.")
  

  Enter your birthdate, in the form mmddyy: 120372
  Your birthday appears in the first million digits of pi!
  

文件写入

• 写入多行(换行符要加)

  filename = 'programming.txt'
  with open(filename, 'w') as file_object:
   file_object.write("I love programming.\n")
   file_object.write("I love creating new games.\n")
  

• 写入但不覆盖(‘a’)

  filename = 'programming.txt'
  with open(filename, 'a') as file_object:
   file_object.write("I also love finding meaning in large datasets.\n")
   file_object.write("I love creating apps that can run in a browser.\n")
  

异常

• 当你认为可能发生了错误时，可编写一个try-except 代码块来处理可能引发的异常。

  try:
   print(5/0)
  except ZeroDivisionError:
   print("You can't divide by zero!")
  

  You can't divide by zero!
  
  Process finished with exit code 0
  

  如果try 代码块中的代码运行起来没有问题，Python将跳过except 代码块；如果try 代码块中的代码导致了
  错误，Python将查找这样的except 代码块，并运行其中的代码，即其中指定的错误与引发的错误相同。

• else代码块

  通过将可能引发错误的代码放在try-except 代码块中，可提高这个程序抵御错误的能力。

  print("Give me two numbers, and I'll divide them.")
  print("Enter 'q' to quit.")
  while True:
      first_number = input("\nFirst number: ")
      if first_number == 'q':
       break
      second_number = input("Second number: ")
      try:
       answer = int(first_number) / int(second_number)
      except ZeroDivisionError:
       print("You can't divide by 0!")
      else:
       print(answer)
  

  Give me two numbers, and I'll divide them.
  Enter 'q' to quit.
  
  First number: 1
  Second number: 1
  1.0
  
  First number: 1
  Second number: 0
  You can't divide by 0!
  
  First number: q
  
  Process finished with exit code 0
  

  我们让Python尝试执行try 代码块中的除法运算，这个代码块只包含可能导致错误的代码。依赖于try 代码块成功执行的代码都放在else 代码块中；在这个示例中，如果除法运算成功，我们就使用else 代码块来打印结果。
  except 代码块告诉Python，出现ZeroDivisionError 异常时该怎么办。如果try 代码块因除零错误而失败，我们就打印一条友好的消息，告诉用户如何避免这种错误。

• 完美的使用文件

  def count_words(filename):
      """计算一个文件大致包含多少个单词"""
      try:
          with open(filename) as f_obj:
              contents = f_obj.read()
      except FileNotFoundError:
          msg = "Sorry, the file " + filename + " does not exist."
          print(msg)
      # 计算文件大致包含多少个单词
      else:
          words = contents.split()
          num_words = len(words)
          print("The file " + filename + " has about " + str(num_words) +" words.")
  filenames = ['alice.txt', 'siddhartha.txt', 'moby_dick.txt', 'little_women.txt']
  for filename in filenames:
      count_words(filename)
  

  文件siddhartha.txt不存在，但这丝毫不影响这个程序处理其他文件：

  The file alice.txt has about 29461 words.
  Sorry, the file siddhartha.txt does not exist.
  The file moby_dick.txt has about 215136 words.
  The file little_women.txt has about 189079 words.
  

• 失败时一声不吭

  在前一个示例中，我们告诉用户有一个文件找不到。但并非每次捕获到异常时都需要告诉用户，有时候你希望程序在发生异常时一声不吭，就像什么都没有发生一样继续运行。
  要让程序在失败时一声不吭，可像通常那样编写try 代码块，但在except 代码块中明确地告诉Python什么都不要做。Python有一个pass 语句，可在代码块中使用它来让Python 什么都不要做：

  def count_words(filename):
   """计算一个文件大致包含多少个单词"""
   try:
   --snip--
   except FileNotFoundError: ❶ pass
   else:
   --snip--
   filenames = ['alice.txt', 'siddhartha.txt', 'moby_dick.txt', 'little_women.txt']
   for filename in filenames:
   count_words(filename)
  

  The file alice.txt has about 29461 words.
  The file moby_dick.txt has about 215136 words.
  The file little_women.txt has about 189079 words
  

存储数据

• 使用json.dump() 和json.load()

  import json
  numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13]
  filename = 'numbers.json'
  with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
      json.dump(numbers, f_obj)
  

  下面再编写一个程序，使用json.load() 将这个列表读取到内存中：

  import json
  filename = 'numbers.json'
  with open(filename) as f_obj:
      numbers = json.load(f_obj)
  print(numbers)
  

  [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13]
  
  Process finished with exit code 0
  

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目前就先这些吧，还差个游戏项目有空写写咯！