nn.module和nn.functional是torch.nn的两个模块,这两个模块都能实现神经网络的卷积、池化等操作,但又有本质的区别。
nn.Module是类,除了要进行相关的计算,还要对module中的参数等属性进行管理;nn.fuctional是函数,只进行相关的计算。下面以nn.Linear和nn.functional.linear来学习两者的区别:
nn.Linear:
class Linear(Module):
r"""Applies a linear transformation to the incoming data: :math:`y = xA^T + b`
Args:
in_features: size of each input sample
out_features: size of each output sample
bias: If set to ``False``, the layer will not learn an additive bias.
Default: ``True``
Shape:
- Input: :math:`(N, *, H_{in})` where :math:`*` means any number of
additional dimensions and :math:`H_{in} = \text{in\_features}`
- Output: :math:`(N, *, H_{out})` where all but the last dimension
are the same shape as the input and :math:`H_{out} = \text{out\_features}`.
Attributes:
weight: the learnable weights of the module of shape
:math:`(\text{out\_features}, \text{in\_features})`. The values are
initialized from :math:`\mathcal{U}(-\sqrt{k}, \sqrt{k})`, where
:math:`k = \frac{1}{\text{in\_features}}`
bias: the learnable bias of the module of shape :math:`(\text{out\_features})`.
If :attr:`bias` is ``True``, the values are initialized from
:math:`\mathcal{U}(-\sqrt{k}, \sqrt{k})` where
:math:`k = \frac{1}{\text{in\_features}}`
Examples::
>>> m = nn.Linear(20, 30)
>>> input = torch.randn(128, 20)
>>> output = m(input)
>>> print(output.size())
torch.Size([128, 30])
"""
__constants__ = ['in_features', 'out_features']
def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, bias=True):
super(Linear, self).__init__()
self.in_features = in_features
self.out_features = out_features
self.weight = Parameter(torch.Tensor(out_features, in_features))
if bias:
self.bias = Parameter(torch.Tensor(out_features))
else:
self.register_parameter('bias', None)
self.reset_parameters()
def reset_parameters(self):
init.kaiming_uniform_(self.weight, a=math.sqrt(5))
if self.bias is not None:
fan_in, _ = init._calculate_fan_in_and_fan_out(self.weight)
bound = 1 / math.sqrt(fan_in)
init.uniform_(self.bias, -bound, bound)
def forward(self, input):
return F.linear(input, self.weight, self.bias)
def extra_repr(self):
return 'in_features={}, out_features={}, bias={}'.format(
self.in_features, self.out_features, self.bias is not None
)
从源码中可以看到,nn.Linear是nn.Module的一个子类,除了在forward的时候调用nn.functional.linear进行计算,还涉及到参数的管理和初始化、module的信息展示等。
nn.functional.linear:
def linear(input, weight, bias=None):
# type: (Tensor, Tensor, Optional[Tensor]) -> Tensor
r"""
Applies a linear transformation to the incoming data: :math:`y = xA^T + b`.
Shape:
- Input: :math:`(N, *, in\_features)` where `*` means any number of
additional dimensions
- Weight: :math:`(out\_features, in\_features)`
- Bias: :math:`(out\_features)`
- Output: :math:`(N, *, out\_features)`
"""
if input.dim() == 2 and bias is not None:
# fused op is marginally faster
ret = torch.addmm(bias, input, weight.t())
else:
output = input.matmul(weight.t())
if bias is not None:
output += bias
ret = output
return ret
从源码中可以看到,nn.functional.linear 只是进行了全连接的计算。
通过两者的对比可以知道:module是一个类,是对functional中的函数的功能扩展,添加了参数和信息管理等功能,但是它的计算功能还是通过调用functional中的函数来实现的。