keepalived 高可用

keepalived是什么?

一个类似于layer3, 4 & 5交换机制的软件,也就是我们平时说的第3层、第4层和第5层交换。Keepalived是自动完成,不需人工干涉

Keepalived软件主要是通过VRRP协议实现高可用功能的。VRRP是Virtual Router

RedundancyProtocol(虚拟路由器冗余协议)的缩写,VRRP出现的目的就是为了解决静态路由单点故障问题的,它能够保证当个别节点宕机时,整个网络可以不间断地运行。

所以,Keepalived 一方面具有配置管理LVS的功能,同时还具有对LVS下面节点进行健康检查的功能,另一方面也可实现系统网络服务的高可用功能。

官方链接:https://www.keepalived.org/

高可用实现方式:

Keepalived 在物理机、虚拟机上吧部署
slb 在云主机上使用,自带负载均衡和高可用功能

Keepalive 长连接
Keepalived 高可用软件

LB 负载均衡 - Load Balance

keepalived的重要功能

keepalived 有三个重要的功能,分别是:

  • 管理LVS负载均衡软件
  • 实现LVS集群节点的健康检查
  • 作为系统网络服务的高可用性(failover-高可用)
keepalived工作原理

Keepalived采用是模块化设计,不同模块实现不同的功能;

keepalived主要有三个模块,分别是core、check和vrrp。

core:是keepalived的核心,负责主进程的启动和维护,全局配置文件的加载解析等 
check: 负责healthchecker(健康检查),包括了各种健康检查方式,以及对应的配置的解析包括LVS的配置解析;可基于脚本检查对IPVS后端服务器健康状况进行检查。 
vrrp:VRRPD子进程,VRRPD子进程就是来实现VRRP协议的
Keepalived服务VRRP的工作原理:

Keepalived高可用对之间是通过 VRRP进行通信的, VRRP是通过竞选机制来确定主备的,主的优先级高于备,因此,工作时主会优先获得所有的资源,备节点处于等待状态,当主宕机的时候,备节点就会接管主节点的资源,然后顶替主节点对外提供服务。

在 Keepalived服务对之间,只有作为主的服务器会一直发送 VRRP广播包,告诉备它还活着,此时备不会枪占主,当主不可用时,即备监听不到主发送的广播包时,就会启动相关服务接管资源,保证业务的连续性.接管速度最快

脑裂

在高可用(HA)系统中,当联系2个节点的“心跳线”断开时,本来为一整体、动作协调的HA系统,就分裂成为2个独立的个体。由于相互失去了联系,都以为是对方出了故障。两个节点上的HA软件像“裂脑人”一样,争抢“共享资源”、争起“应用服务”,就会发生严重后果——或者共享资源被瓜分、2边“服务”都起不来了;或者2边“服务”都起来了,但同时读写“共享存储”,导致数据损坏(常见如数据库轮询着的联机日志出错)。
  
对付HA系统“裂脑”的对策,目前达成共识的的大概有以下几条:

添加冗余的心跳线,例如:双线条线(心跳线也HA),尽量减少“裂脑”发生几率;
启用磁盘锁。正在服务一方锁住共享磁盘,“裂脑”发生时,让对方完全“抢不走”共享磁盘资源。但使用锁磁盘也会有一个不小的问题,如果占用共享盘的一方不主动“解锁”,另一方就永远得不到共享磁盘。现实中假如服务节点突然死机或崩溃,就不可能执行解锁命令。后备节点也就接管不了共享资源和应用服务。于是有人在HA中设计了“智能”锁。即:正在服务的一方只在发现心跳线全部断开(察觉不到对端)时才启用磁盘锁。平时就不上锁了。
设置仲裁机制。例如设置参考IP(如网关IP),当心跳线完全断开时,2个节点都各自ping一下参考IP,不通则表明断点就出在本端。不仅“心跳”、还兼对外“服务”的本端网络链路断了,即使启动(或继续)应用服务也没有用了,那就主动放弃竞争,让能够ping通参考IP的一端去起服务。更保险一些,ping不通参考IP的一方干脆就自我重启,以彻底释放有可能还占用着的那些共享资源

脑裂产生的原因

一般来说,脑裂的发生,有以下几种原因:

高可用服务器对之间心跳线链路发生故障,导致无法正常通信
因心跳线坏了(包括断了,老化)
因网卡及相关驱动坏了,ip配置及冲突问题(网卡直连)
因心跳线间连接的设备故障(网卡及交换机)
因仲裁的机器出问题(采用仲裁的方案)
高可用服务器上开启了 iptables防火墙阻挡了心跳消息传输
高可用服务器上心跳网卡地址等信息配置不正确,导致发送心跳失败
其他服务配置不当等原因,如心跳方式不同,心跳广插冲突、软件Bug等
注意:

Keepalived配置里同一 VRRP实例如果 virtual_router_id两端参数配置不一致也会导致裂脑问题发生。
脑裂的常见解决方案

在实际生产环境中,我们可以从以下几个方面来防止裂脑问题的发生:

同时使用串行电缆和以太网电缆连接,同时用两条心跳线路,这样一条线路坏了,另一个还是好的,依然能传送心跳消息
当检测到裂脑时强行关闭一个心跳节点(这个功能需特殊设备支持,如Stonith、feyce)。相当于备节点接收不到心跳消患,通过单独的线路发送关机命令关闭主节点的电源
做好对裂脑的监控报警(如邮件及手机短信等或值班).在问题发生时人为第一时间介入仲裁,降低损失。例如,百度的监控报警短信就有上行和下行的区别。报警消息发送到管理员手机上,管理员可以通过手机回复对应数字或简单的字符串操作返回给服务器.让服务器根据指令自动处理相应故障,这样解决故障的时间更短.
  
当然,在实施高可用方案时,要根据业务实际需求确定是否能容忍这样的损失。对于一般的网站常规业务.这个损失是可容忍的
3.3 对脑裂进行监控
对脑裂的监控应在备用服务器上进行,通过添加zabbix自定义监控进行。
监控什么信息呢?监控备上有无VIP地址

备机上出现VIP有两种情况:

发生了脑裂
正常的主备切换
监控只是监控发生脑裂的可能性,不能保证一定是发生了脑裂,因为正常的主备切换VIP也是会到备上的。

keepalived实现httpd服务器高可用
系统类型主机名IP
rhel-8.2master192.168.230.101
centos8slave192.168.230.98
配置keepalived
//关闭防火墙和selinux(两台)
[root@master ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@master ~]# vim /etc/selinux/config
[root@master ~]# setenforce 0

//安装相应工具(两台)
[root@master ~]# yum -y install epel-release vim wget

//安装keepalived(两台)
[root@master ~]# yum -y install keepalived

//查看安装生成的文件(两台)
[root@master ~]# rpm -ql keepalived
/etc/keepalived
/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
/etc/sysconfig/keepalived
/usr/bin/genhash
/usr/lib/.build-id
/usr/lib/.build-id/58
/usr/lib/.build-id/58/f1185779f1f4d1eb34b70283fb9e3a8ce2913c
/usr/lib/.build-id/59
/usr/lib/.build-id/59/929223c9bfe38e8f9741987176757bbf6dbaea
/usr/lib/systemd/system/keepalived.service
/usr/libexec/keepalived
/usr/sbin/keepalived

//安装httpd
[root@master ~]# yum -y install httpd
[root@master ~]# systemctl start httpd
[root@master ~]# systemctl enable httpd
[root@master ~]#  cd /var/www/html/
[root@master html]# echo 'Master' > index.html
[root@master html]# systemctl start httpd
[root@master html]# systemctl enable httpd
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service.
[root@master ~]# ss -anlt |grep 80
LISTEN    0         128                      *:80                     *:*      
#slave主机操作
[root@slave ~]# cd /var/www/html/
[root@slave html]# echo 'Master' > index.html
[root@slave html]# cd
[root@slave ~]# systemctl restart httpd
[root@slave ~]# ss -anlt
State    Recv-Q   Send-Q     Local Address:Port     Peer Address:Port   Process   
LISTEN   0        128              0.0.0.0:22            0.0.0.0:*                
LISTEN   0        128            127.0.0.1:9000          0.0.0.0:*                
LISTEN   0        128                    *:80                  *:*                
LISTEN   0        128                 [::]:22               [::]:*              

#在master上查看httpd服务能否正常访问
在这里插入图片描述

keepalived配置
#在master上配置
[root@master ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf 
[root@master ~]# cat /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf 
! Configuration File for keepalived

global_defs {
   router_id lb01
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state MASTER
    interface ens33
    virtual_router_id 54
    priority 100
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass yaya
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.230.250
    }
}

virtual_server 192.168.230.250 80 {
    delay_loop 6
    lb_algo rr
    lb_kind DR
    persistence_timeout 50
    protocol TCP

    real_server 192.168.230.101 80 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_port 80
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }

    real_server 192.168.230.131 80 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_port 80
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }
}
[root@master ~]# systemctl enable --now keepalived.service
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/keepalived.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/keepalived.service.

#在slave上配置
[root@slave ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf 
[root@slave ~]# cat /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf 
! Configuration File for keepalived

global_defs {
   router_id lb02
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state BACKUP
    interface ens160
    virtual_router_id 54
    priority 100
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass yaya
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.230.250
    }
}

virtual_server 192.168.230.250 80 {
    delay_loop 6
    lb_algo rr
    lb_kind DR
    persistence_timeout 50
    protocol TCP

    real_server 192.168.230.101 80 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_port 80
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }

    real_server 192.168.230.131 80 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_port 80
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }
}
[root@slave ~]# systemctl enable --now keepalived.service
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/keepalived.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/keepalived.service.

#查看VIP
[root@master ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:e5:14:ad brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.230.101/24 brd 192.168.230.255 scope global noprefixroute ens160
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 192.168.230.250/32 scope global ens160
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:8d:e0:59 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: virbr0-nic: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel master virbr0 state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:8d:e0:59 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

[root@slave ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:19:97:fc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.230.131/24 brd 192.168.230.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens33
       valid_lft 995sec preferred_lft 995sec
    inet6 fe80::2430:80b0:b79e:f709/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

#让keepalived监控httpd服务器(keepalived通过脚本来监控httpd服务器的状态)

#在master上编写脚本
[root@master ~]# mkdir /scripts
[root@master ~]# cd /scripts/
[root@master scripts]# vim check_h.sh
[root@master scripts]# cat check_h.sh 
#!/bin/bash
httpd_status=$(ps -ef|grep -Ev "grep|$0"|grep '\bhttpd\b'|wc -l)
if [ $httpd_status -lt 1 ];then
        systemctl stop keepalived
fi  
[root@master scripts]# chmod +x check_h.sh 
[root@master scripts]# vim notify.sh
[root@master scripts]# cat notify.sh 
#!/bin/bash
VIP=$2
sendmail (){
        subject="${VIP}'s server keepalived state is translate"
        content="`date +'%F %T'`: `hostname`'s state change to master"
        echo $content | mail -s "$subject" 1163582076@qq.com
}
case "$1" in
  master)
        httpd_status=$(ps -ef|grep -Ev "grep|$0"|grep '\bhttpd\b'|wc -l)
        if [ $httpd_status -lt 1 ];then
            systemctl start httpd
        fi
        sendmail
  ;;
  backup)
        httpd_status=$(ps -ef|grep -Ev "grep|$0"|grep '\bhttpd\b'|wc -l)
        if [ $httpd_status -gt 0 ];then
            systemctl stop httpd
        fi
  ;;
  *)
        echo "Usage:$0 master|backup VIP"
  ;;
esac
[root@master scripts]# chmod +x notify.sh 
[root@master scripts]# ll
总用量 8
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 141 1024 15:40 check_h.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 662 1024 15:42 notify.sh

#在slave上编写脚本
[root@slave scripts]# vim notify.sh 
[root@slave scripts]# cat notify.sh 
#!/bin/bash
VIP=$2
sendmail (){
        subject="${VIP}'s server keepalived state is translate"
        content="`date +'%F %T'`: `hostname`'s state change to master"
        echo $content | mail -s "$subject" 1163582076@qq.com
}
case "$1" in
  master)
        httpd_status=$(ps -ef|grep -Ev "grep|$0"|grep '\bhttpd\b'|wc -l)
        if [ $httpd_status -lt 1 ];then
            systemctl start httpd
        fi
        sendmail
  ;;
  backup)
        httpd_status=$(ps -ef|grep -Ev "grep|$0"|grep '\bhttpd\b'|wc -l)
        if [ $httpd_status -gt 0 ];then
            systemctl stop httpd
        fi
  ;;
  *)
        echo "Usage:$0 master|backup VIP"
  ;;
esac
[root@slave scripts]# chmod +x notify.sh 
[root@slave scripts]# ll
总用量 4
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 662 1024 03:44 notify.sh
注意:此处的脚本名称应避免与服务名相同,推荐用服务名的首字母代替,如check_h,不要给脚本起名check_httpd

#配置keepalived加入监控脚本的配置
[root@master ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf 
[root@master ~]# cat /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf 
! Configuration File for keepalived

global_defs {
   router_id lb01
}
vrrp_script httpd_check {
    script "/scripts/check_h.sh"
    interval 1
    weight -20
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state MASTER
    interface ens160
    virtual_router_id 54
    priority 100
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass ll
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.230.250
    }
    track_script {
        httpd_check
    }
    notify_master "/scripts/notify.sh master 192.168.230.250"
    notify_backup "/scripts/notify.sh backup 192.168.230.250"
}
virtual_server 192.168.230.250 80 {
    delay_loop 6
    lb_algo rr
    lb_kind DR
    persistence_timeout 50
    protocol TCP

    real_server 192.168.230.101 80 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_port 80
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }

    real_server 192.168.230.131 80 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_port 80
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }
}
[root@master ~]# systemctl restart keepalived.service 

#在slave上也需要加入
[root@slave scripts]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
[root@slave scripts]# cat /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived

global_defs {
   router_id lb02
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state BACKUP
    interface ens160
    virtual_router_id 54
    priority 100
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass ll
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.230.250
    }

    notify_master "/scripts/notify.sh master 192.168.230.250"
    notify_backup "/scripts/notify.sh backup 192.168.230.250"
}

virtual_server 192.168.230.250 80 {
    delay_loop 6
    lb_algo rr
    lb_kind DR
    persistence_timeout 50
    protocol TCP

    real_server 192.168.230.101 80 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_port 80
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }

    real_server 192.168.230.131 80 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_port 80
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }
}
[root@slave scripts]# systemctl restart keepalived

在这里插入图片描述

#关掉master的httpd模拟服务器宕机再次测试
[root@master ~]# systemctl stop httpd
[root@master ~]# ss -anlt
State     Recv-Q    Send-Q        Local Address:Port         Peer Address:Port    
LISTEN    0         128               127.0.0.1:9000              0.0.0.0:*       
LISTEN    0         128                 0.0.0.0:111               0.0.0.0:*       
LISTEN    0         32            192.168.122.1:53                0.0.0.0:*       
LISTEN    0         128                 0.0.0.0:22                0.0.0.0:*       
LISTEN    0         5                 127.0.0.1:631               0.0.0.0:*       
LISTEN    0         128                    [::]:111                  [::]:*       
LISTEN    0         128                    [::]:22                   [::]:*       
LISTEN    0         5                     [::1]:631                  [::]:*       
[root@master ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:e5:14:ad brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.230.101/24 brd 192.168.230.255 scope global noprefixroute ens160
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:8d:e0:59 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: virbr0-nic: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel master virbr0 state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:8d:e0:59 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

#再去查看slave
[root@slave scripts]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:19:97:fc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.230.131/24 brd 192.168.230.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens33
       valid_lft 1319sec preferred_lft 1319sec
    inet 192.168.230.250/32 scope global ens33
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::2430:80b0:b79e:f709/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

访问VIP,能访问到slave,代表master已经挂掉
在这里插入图片描述

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