docker基础用法

最新推荐文章于 2024-11-09 11:27:16 发布

早川语

最新推荐文章于 2024-11-09 11:27:16 发布

阅读量836

点赞数

分类专栏： docker 文章标签：运维 linux centos

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_29188123/article/details/121667538

版权

docker 专栏收录该内容

20 篇文章 0 订阅

订阅专栏

什么是docker

docker是一个用Go语言实现的开源项目，可以让我们方便的创建和使用容器，docker将程序以及程序所有的依赖都打包到docker container，这样你的程序可以在任何环境都会有一致的表现，这里程序运行的依赖也就是容器就好比集装箱，容器所处的操作系统环境就好比货船或港口，程序的表现只和集装箱有关系(容器)，和集装箱放在哪个货船或者哪个港口(操作系统)没有关系。

docker中的容器：

lxc→libcontainer→runC

在这里插入图片描述

OCI&OCF

OCI

Open Container-initiative

由Linux基金会主导于2015年6月创立
旨在围绕容器格式和运行时制定一个开放的工业化标准
contains two specifications
the Runtime Specification（runtime-spec）
the Image Specification（image-spec）

OCF

Open Container Format

runC is a CLI tool for spawning and running containers according to the OCI specification

Containers are started as a child process of runC and can be embedded into various other systems without having to run a daemon
runC is built on libcontainer, the same container technology powering millions of Docker Engine installations

docker提供了一个专门容纳容器镜像的站点：https://hub.docker.com

docker架构

在这里插入图片描述

docker镜像与镜像仓库

为什么镜像仓库名字是Registry而不是repository？在docker中仓库的名字是以应用的名称取名的。
在这里插入图片描述

镜像是静态的，而容器是动态的，容器有其生命周期（有可能损坏），镜像与容器的关系类似于程序与进程的关系。镜像类似于文件系统中的程序文件，而容器则类似于将一个程序运行起来的状态，也即进程。所以容器是可以删除的，容器被删除后其镜像是不会被删除的。

docker对象

When you use docker, you are creating and using images, containers, networks, volumes, pluginns, and other objects.

IMAGES（镜像）
An image is a read-only template with instructions for creating a docker container.（镜像是一个只读模板，用来创建容器的模板。）
Often, an image is based on another image, with some additional customization.（通常，一个映像基于另一个映像，并进行了一些定制化的操作）
You might create your own images or you might only use those created by others and published in a registry.（您可以创建自己的图像，也可以只使用其他人创建并在注册表中发布的图像）
CONTAINERS（容器）
A conntainer is a runnable instance of an image.（一个容器是映像的可运行实例）
You can create, run, stop, move, or delete a container using the docker API or CLI.（您可以使用docker API或CLI创建、运行、停止、移动或删除容器）
You can connect a container to one or more networks, attach storage to it, or even create a new image based on its current state.（您可以将容器连接到一个或多个网络，将存储连接到容器，甚至可以根据其当前状态创建新映像）

安装及使用docker

docker安装

首先配置yum仓库
[root@localhost ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-8.repo

配置docker的yum源
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# curl -o docker-ce.repo https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# sed -i 's@https://download.docker.com@https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/docker-ce@g' docker-ce.repo

部署安装docker所需要的环境
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum install -y yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2

安装docker-ce以及docker组件
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum -y install docker-ce    --allowerasing

docker加速

docker-ce的配置文件是/etc/docker/daemon.json，此文件默认不存在，需要我们手动创建并进行配置，而docker的加速就是通过配置此文件来实现的。

docker的加速有多种方式：

  docker cn
  中国科技大学加速器
  阿里云加速器（需要通过阿里云开发者平台注册帐号，免费使用个人私有的加速器）

#设置docker hub阿里云镜像加速
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start docker

[root@localhost ~]# cat > /etc/docker/daemon.json <<EOF
{
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://in3617d8.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
}
EOF

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart docker
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl daemon-reload

docker常用操作

命令	功能
docker search	Search the Docker Hub for images 从Docker Hub镜像仓库上查找镜像
docker pull	Pull an image or a repository from a registry 从Docker Hub镜像仓库上拉取镜像
docker images	List images 列出本地的镜像
docker create	Create a new conntainer 创建一个新的容器（与run命令不同，使用create命令只能创建容器而并不启动）
docker start	Start one or more stopped containers 启动容器
docker run	Run a command in a new container 根据镜像新建并启动容器
docker attach	Attach to a runninng container 进入到一个正在运行容器内（使用exit命令退出后，容器会停止）
docker ps	List containers 列出当前所有正在运行的容器
docker logs	Fetch the logs of a container 获取容器的日志
docker restart	Restart a container 重新启动容器
docker stop	Stop one or more running containers 停止正在运行的容器
docker kill	Kill one or more running containers 杀死正在运行的容器
docker rm	Remove onne or more containers 删除容器
docker exec	Run a command in a running container 进入到一个正在运行容器内（使用exit命令退出后，容器会继续运行）
docker info	Display system-wide information 显示当前系统信息、docker容器、镜像个数、设置等信息
docker inspect	Return low-level information on Docker objects 用于以JSON格式显示容器与镜像的详细信息

实例：

命令演示：

创建docker

[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID   CREATED   SIZE
[root@localhost ~]# docker create nginx
[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
nginx        latest    ea335eea17ab   2 weeks ago   141MB

docker version

查看docker的版本信息

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# docker version    
Client: Docker Engine - Community
 Version:           20.10.11
 API version:       1.41
 Go version:        go1.16.9
 Git commit:        dea9396
 Built:             Thu Nov 18 00:36:58 2021
 OS/Arch:           linux/amd64
 Context:           default
 Experimental:      true

Server: Docker Engine - Community
 Engine:
  Version:          20.10.11
  API version:      1.41 (minimum version 1.12)
  Go version:       go1.16.9
  Git commit:       847da18
  Built:            Thu Nov 18 00:35:20 2021
  OS/Arch:          linux/amd64
  Experimental:     false
 containerd:
  Version:          1.4.12
  GitCommit:        7b11cfaabd73bb80907dd23182b9347b4245eb5d
 runc:
  Version:          1.0.2
  GitCommit:        v1.0.2-0-g52b36a2
 docker-init:
  Version:          0.19.0
  GitCommit:        de40ad0

docker info

查看docker的详细信息

[root@localhost ~]# docker info 
Client:                           #docker客户端信息
 Context:    default
 Debug Mode: false
 Plugins:                         #插件
  app: Docker App (Docker Inc., v0.9.1-beta3)
  buildx: Build with BuildKit (Docker Inc., v0.6.3-docker)
  scan: Docker Scan (Docker Inc., v0.9.0)

Server:                          #docker服务器端信息
 Containers: 0                   #容器数量
  Running: 0                     #正在运行的数量
  Paused: 0                      #暂停的数量
  Stopped: 0                     #已停止的数量
 Images: 0                       #镜像数量                
 Server Version: 20.10.11           #docker服务器版本	 
 Storage Driver: overlay2           #docker存储驱动程序
  Backing Filesystem: xfs           #文件系统
  Supports d_type: true         
  Native Overlay Diff: true
  userxattr: false
 Logging Driver: json-file          #日志驱动程序
 Cgroup Driver: cgroupfs            #Cgroup驱动程序
 Cgroup Version: 1
 Plugins:                           #插件信息
  Volume: local
  Network: bridge host ipvlan macvlan null overlay
  Log: awslogs fluentd gcplogs gelf journald json-file local logentries splunk syslog
 Swarm: inactive                        #Swarm状态   
 Runtimes: io.containerd.runc.v2 io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux runc     #runtimes信息
 Default Runtime: runc                  #默认runtime
 Init Binary: docker-init
 containerd version: 7b11cfaabd73bb80907dd23182b9347b4245eb5d
 runc version: v1.0.2-0-g52b36a2
 init version: de40ad0
 Security Options:                      #安全选项
  seccomp
   Profile: default
 Kernel Version: 4.18.0-193.el8.x86_64           #linux内核版本
  Operating System: CentOS Stream 8              #linux操作系统
 OSType: linux                                   #操作系统类型
 Architecture: x86_64
 CPUs: 2                                          #宿主机CPU数量
 Total Memory: 780.4MiB                           #宿主机内存
 Name: localhost.localdomain                      #宿主机名称
 ID: J5OK:3PYZ:VTBU:7KZE:QWCX:2ZSA:DLGQ:T7KC:QD4M:HA6M:QENN:HAYA
 Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker                 #docker根目录
 Debug Mode: false
 Registry: https://index.docker.io/v1/            #镜像仓库
 Labels:
 Experimental: false
 Insecure Registries:                              #非安全镜像仓库
  127.0.0.0/8
 Registry Mirrors:                                 #镜像加速器
  https://in3617d8.mirror.aliyuncs.com/
 Live Restore Enabled: false

docker inspect

用于以JSON格式显示容器与镜像的详细信息

[root@localhost ~]# docker inspect nginx
[
    {
        "Id": "sha256:ea335eea17ab984571cd4a3bcf90a0413773b559c75ef4cda07d0ce952b00291",
        "RepoTags": [
            "nginx:latest"
        ],
        "RepoDigests": [
            "nginx@sha256:097c3a0913d7e3a5b01b6c685a60c03632fc7a2b50bc8e35bcaa3691d788226e"
        ],
        "Parent": "",
        "Comment": "",
        "Created": "2021-11-17T10:38:14.652464384Z",
        "Container": "8a038ff17987cf87d4b7d7e2c80cb83bd2474d66e2dd0719e2b4f7de2ad6d853",
        "ContainerConfig": {
            "Hostname": "8a038ff17987",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "ExposedPorts": {
                "80/tcp": {}
            },
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
                "NGINX_VERSION=1.21.4",
                "NJS_VERSION=0.7.0",
                "PKG_RELEASE=1~bullseye"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/sh",
                "-c",
                "#(nop) ",
                "CMD [\"nginx\" \"-g\" \"daemon off;\"]"
            ],
            "Image": "sha256:2fb4060b053a39040c51ff7eadd30325de2c76650fc50aa42839070e16e8bdcb",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": [
                "/docker-entrypoint.sh"
            ],
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "maintainer": "NGINX Docker Maintainers <docker-maint@nginx.com>"
            },
            "StopSignal": "SIGQUIT"
        },
        "DockerVersion": "20.10.7",
        "Author": "",
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "ExposedPorts": {
                "80/tcp": {}
            },
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
                "NGINX_VERSION=1.21.4",
                "NJS_VERSION=0.7.0",
                "PKG_RELEASE=1~bullseye"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "nginx",
                "-g",
                "daemon off;"
            ],
            "Image": "sha256:2fb4060b053a39040c51ff7eadd30325de2c76650fc50aa42839070e16e8bdcb",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": [
                "/docker-entrypoint.sh"
            ],
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "maintainer": "NGINX Docker Maintainers <docker-maint@nginx.com>"
            },
            "StopSignal": "SIGQUIT"
        },
        "Architecture": "amd64",
        "Os": "linux",
        "Size": 141490847,
        "VirtualSize": 141490847,
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": 
·······

docker search

从Docker Hub镜像仓库上查找centos镜像

[root@localhost ~]# docker search centos
NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
centos                            The official build of CentOS.                   6904      [OK]       
ansible/centos7-ansible           Ansible on Centos7                              135                  [OK]
consol/centos-xfce-vnc            Centos container with "headless" VNC session…   131                  [OK]
jdeathe/centos-ssh                OpenSSH / Supervisor / EPEL/IUS/SCL Repos - …   121                  [OK]
centos/systemd                    systemd enabled base container.                 105                  [OK]
centos/mysql-57-centos7           MySQL 5.7 SQL database server                   92                   
imagine10255/centos6-lnmp-php56   centos6-lnmp-php56                              58                   [OK]
tutum/centos                      Simple CentOS docker image with SSH access      48                   
centos/postgresql-96-centos7      PostgreSQL is an advanced Object-Relational …   45                   
kinogmt/centos-ssh                CentOS with SSH                                 29                   [OK]
guyton/centos6                    From official centos6 container with full up…   10                   [OK]
nathonfowlie/centos-jre           Latest CentOS image with the JRE pre-install…   8                    [OK]
centos/tools                      Docker image that has systems administration…   7                    [OK]
centos/redis                      Redis built for CentOS                          6                    [OK]
drecom/centos-ruby                centos ruby                                     6                    [OK]
mamohr/centos-java                Oracle Java 8 Docker image based on Centos 7    3                    [OK]
darksheer/centos                  Base Centos Image -- Updated hourly             3                    [OK]
amd64/centos                      The official build of CentOS.                   2                    
miko2u/centos6                    CentOS6 日本語環境                                   2                    [OK]
dokken/centos-7                   CentOS 7 image for kitchen-dokken               2                    
blacklabelops/centos              CentOS Base Image! Built and Updates Daily!     1                    [OK]
mcnaughton/centos-base            centos base image                               1                    [OK]
smartentry/centos                 centos with smartentry                          0                    [OK]
jelastic/centosvps                An image of the CentOS Elastic VPS maintaine…   0                    
starlabio/centos-native-build     Our CentOS image for native builds              0                    [OK]

docker pull

从Docker Hub镜像仓库上拉取centos镜像（centos后不接版本号的话默认最新版）

[root@localhost ~]# docker pull centos
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/centos
a1d0c7532777: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:a27fd8080b517143cbbbab9dfb7c8571c40d67d534bbdee55bd6c473f432b177
Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:latest
docker.io/library/centos:latest

docker image

删除本地的镜像

[root@localhost ~]# docker image rm nginx:latest 
Untagged: nginx:latest
Untagged: nginx@sha256:097c3a0913d7e3a5b01b6c685a60c03632fc7a2b50bc8e35bcaa3691d788226e
Deleted: sha256:ea335eea17ab984571cd4a3bcf90a0413773b559c75ef4cda07d0ce952b00291
Deleted: sha256:cc284e9b1cbed75793782165a07a0c2139d8ec0116d1d562c0e2e504ed586238
Deleted: sha256:6207e091bef7f1c94a109cb455ba163d53d7c2c641de65e71d3a0f33c0ebd8ae
Deleted: sha256:97a18ff8c6973f64d763f004cad932319a1428e0502c0ec3e671e78b2f14256b
Deleted: sha256:319130834f01416a2e8f9a4f2b2fa082c702ac21f16e0e2a206e23d53a0a3bae
Deleted: sha256:1bc375f72973dc110c9629a694bc7476bf878d244287c0214e6436afd6a9d1b0
Deleted: sha256:e1bbcf243d0e7387fbfe5116a485426f90d3ddeb0b1738dca4e3502b6743b325

docker images

列出本地的镜像

[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
nginx        latest    ea335eea17ab   2 weeks ago    141MB
centos       latest    5d0da3dc9764   2 months ago   231MB

docker create

创建容器可指定位置

[root@localhost ~]# docker create --name nginx1 nginx /bin/bash
b7d966253d09fa71c82db510a1d990d5bfb3572fc5aafbe6c02f7312afef21a2

docker start/ps/stop

启动/列出/停止容器

[root@localhost ~]# docker start nginx1   #启动容器nginx1
nginx1
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps    #列出当前所有正在运行的容器
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a    #列出所有容器
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS                      PORTS     NAMES
b7d966253d09   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   2 minutes ago    Exited (0) 17 seconds ago             nginx1
642538b02d53   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   14 minutes ago   Created                               intelligent_curie
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -q    #列出正在运行的容器的id
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -aq   #列出所有容器的id
b7d966253d09
642538b02d53

[root@localhost ~]# docker stop nginx1   #停止正在运行的容器
nginx1

docker kill

杀死正在运行的容器

[root@localhost ~]# docker kill nginx1
nginx1

docker rm

删除容器

[root@localhost ~]# docker rm nginx1
nginx1

docker rmi

删除镜像

[root@localhost ~]# docker rmi  centos:latest
Untagged: centos:latest
Untagged: centos@sha256:a27fd8080b517143cbbbab9dfb7c8571c40d67d534bbdee55bd6c473f432b177
Deleted: sha256:5d0da3dc976460b72c77d94c8a1ad043720b0416bfc16c52c45d4847e53fadb6
Deleted: sha256:74ddd0ec08fa43d09f32636ba91a0a3053b02cb4627c35051aff89f853606b59

docker run

-d为后台运行 
-it指定shell 
-p端口映射（本机端口:容器端口） 
-v目录映射（本地目录:容器目录）

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it  --name centos1  -d  centos  /bin/bash     #新建并启动容器centos1
ca47be39b8b40d4a2abb971abdd0d328929fd94c6b8d8b965e5feedec53e7bdc
[root@localhost ~]# docker run --name  nginx -d  nginx:latest    #镜像新建并启动容器nginx（后台运行）
e0c911f7ba02d8f4ea835d5771c33149f327affd92c2f659021be8d25d7f25c2

[root@localhost ~]# docker run  --name nginx1 -p 80:8080/tcp -d  nginx     #新建并启动容器nginx01（端口映射）
5ec1c4b8a1afa57dcd3e9bb66eceaa1b71c629f43f73946f4e1c59f973e71ef2
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps 
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND                  CREATED              STATUS              PORTS                                           NAMES
5ec1c4b8a1af   nginx          "/docker-entrypoint.…"   About a minute ago   Up About a minute   80/tcp, 0.0.0.0:80->8080/tcp, :::80->8080/tcp   nginx1
e0c911f7ba02   nginx:latest   "/docker-entrypoint.…"   2 minutes ago        Up 2 minutes        80/tcp                                          nginx
ca47be39b8b4   centos         "/bin/bash"              3 minutes ago        Up 3 minutes                                                        centos1

docker attach

进入到一个正在运行容器中

[root@localhost ~]# docker attach centos1
[root@ca47be39b8b4 /]#

docker exec

进入到一个在在运行容器

[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it nginx1  /bin/bash
root@5ec1c4b8a1af:/# 

不进入容器，在外面执行
[root@localhost ~]# docker exec nginx1 ls /root/
anaconda-ks.cfg