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题目1
证明:如果随机变量有界,即
∣
X
∣
<
M
<
∞
|X|<M< \infty
∣X∣<M<∞,那么
E
(
X
)
E(X)
E(X)存在
解:
令随机变量的密度函数为
f
(
x
)
f_(x)
f(x),判别期望存在的条件是
∫
∣
x
∣
f
(
x
)
d
x
<
∞
\int|x|f(x)dx<\infty
∫∣x∣f(x)dx<∞为真则期望存在。
因为:
0
≤
f
(
x
)
≤
1
且
∣
x
∣
≥
0
0\leq f_(x)\leq 1且|x| \geq0
0≤f(x)≤1且∣x∣≥0
所以:
∣
x
∣
f
(
x
)
≤
∣
x
∣
|x|f(x)\leq |x|
∣x∣f(x)≤∣x∣,
∫
∣
x
∣
f
(
x
)
d
x
<
∫
∣
x
∣
d
x
\int|x|f(x)dx<\int|x|dx
∫∣x∣f(x)dx<∫∣x∣dx
∫
−
M
M
∣
x
∣
d
x
=
M
2
∫
∣
x
∣
f
(
x
)
d
x
<
∫
∣
x
∣
f
(
x
)
d
x
∫
∣
x
∣
f
(
x
)
d
x
<
M
2
\int_{-M}^{M}|x|dx=M^2\\ \int|x|f(x)dx<\int|x|f(x)dx\\ \int|x|f(x)dx<M^2
∫−MM∣x∣dx=M2∫∣x∣f(x)dx<∫∣x∣f(x)dx∫∣x∣f(x)dx<M2
所以期望存在
题目2
2.令
X
X
X具有矩生成函数
F
(
x
)
=
1
−
x
−
α
F(x)=1-x^{-\alpha}
F(x)=1−x−α,
x
≥
1.
x \geq1.
x≥1.
a.对于使
E
(
X
)
E(X)
E(X)存在的
α
\alpha
α值,计算
E
(
X
)
E(X)
E(X).
b.对于使
V
a
r
(
X
)
Var(X)
Var(X)存在的
α
\alpha
α值,计算
V
a
r
(
X
)
Var(X)
Var(X).
解:
∵
F
(
X
)
=
1
−
x
−
α
∴
f
(
x
)
=
α
x
−
α
−
1
E
(
X
)
=
∫
1
∞
x
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
1
∞
x
α
x
−
α
−
1
d
x
=
∫
1
∞
α
x
−
α
d
x
=
α
α
−
1
E
(
X
2
)
=
∫
1
∞
x
2
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
1
∞
x
2
α
x
−
α
−
1
d
x
=
α
α
−
2
V
a
r
(
X
)
=
E
(
X
2
)
−
[
E
(
X
)
]
2
=
α
α
−
2
−
(
α
α
−
1
)
2
\begin{aligned} \because F(X)&=1-x^{-\alpha} \therefore f(x) = \alpha x^{-\alpha -1}\\ E(X)&=\int_1^{\infty}xf(x)dx\\ &=\int_1^{\infty}x \alpha x^{-\alpha -1}dx\\ &=\int_1^{\infty} \alpha x^{-\alpha }dx\\ &=\frac\alpha{\alpha-1}\\ E(X^2)&=\int_1^{\infty}x^2f(x)dx\\ &=\int_1^{\infty}x^2\alpha x^{-\alpha -1}dx\\ &=\frac\alpha{\alpha-2}\\ \\ Var(X)&=E(X^2)-[E(X)]^2=\frac\alpha{\alpha-2}-(\frac\alpha{\alpha-1})^2 \end{aligned}
∵F(X)E(X)E(X2)Var(X)=1−x−α∴f(x)=αx−α−1=∫1∞xf(x)dx=∫1∞xαx−α−1dx=∫1∞αx−αdx=α−1α=∫1∞x2f(x)dx=∫1∞x2αx−α−1dx=α−2α=E(X2)−[E(X)]2=α−2α−(α−1α)2
题目3
计算第2章习题3中的
E
(
X
)
E(X)
E(X)和
V
a
r
(
X
)
Var(X)
Var(X)
原题如下:
下表为离散随机变量的累积分布函数,计算其频率函数。
k | F(k) | f(k) |
---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 0 |
1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
2 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
3 | 0.7 | 0.4 |
4 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
5 | 1.0 | 0.2 |
其中
f
(
k
)
f(k)
f(k)列是此题的答案。
解题
根据定义
E
(
X
)
=
∑
i
x
i
p
(
x
i
)
V
a
r
(
X
)
=
∑
i
(
x
i
−
μ
)
2
p
(
x
i
)
,
其
中
μ
=
E
(
X
)
\begin{aligned} E(X)&=\sum_{i}x_ip(x_i)\\ Var(X)&=\sum_{i}(x_i-\mu)^2p(x_i),其中\mu=E(X) \end{aligned}
E(X)Var(X)=i∑xip(xi)=i∑(xi−μ)2p(xi),其中μ=E(X)
有:
E
(
X
)
=
0
∗
0
+
1
∗
0.1
+
2
∗
0.2
+
3
∗
0.4
+
4
∗
0.1
+
5
∗
0.2
=
3.1
V
a
r
(
X
)
=
(
0
−
3.1
)
2
∗
0
+
(
1
−
3.1
)
2
∗
0.1
+
(
2
−
3.1
)
2
∗
0.2
+
(
3
−
3.1
)
2
∗
0.4
+
(
4
−
3.1
)
2
∗
0.1
+
(
5
−
3.1
)
2
∗
0.2
=
1.49
\begin{aligned} E(X)&=0*0+1*0.1+2*0.2+3*0.4+4*0.1+5*0.2\\ &=3.1\\ Var(X)&=(0-3.1)^2*0+(1-3.1)^2*0.1+(2-3.1)^2*0.2+(3-3.1)^2*0.4+(4-3.1)^2*0.1+(5-3.1)^2*0.2\\ &=1.49 \end{aligned}
E(X)Var(X)=0∗0+1∗0.1+2∗0.2+3∗0.4+4∗0.1+5∗0.2=3.1=(0−3.1)2∗0+(1−3.1)2∗0.1+(2−3.1)2∗0.2+(3−3.1)2∗0.4+(4−3.1)2∗0.1+(5−3.1)2∗0.2=1.49
题目4
如果
X
X
X是离散的均匀随机变量,即$P(X=k)=1/n $,其中
k
=
1
,
2
,
.
.
.
,
n
k = 1,2,...,n
k=1,2,...,n计算
E
X
(
X
)
EX(X)
EX(X)和
V
a
r
(
X
)
Var(X)
Var(X)
解
根据离散期望定义
E
(
X
)
=
∑
i
x
i
p
(
x
i
)
E(X)=\sum_{i}x_ip(x_i)
E(X)=∑ixip(xi)有
E
(
X
)
=
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
1
n
=
n
+
1
2
\begin{aligned} E(X)&=\sum_{i=1}^nx_i\frac1n\\ &=\frac{n+1}2 \end{aligned}
E(X)=i=1∑nxin1=2n+1
根据方差计算公式:
V
a
r
(
X
)
=
E
(
X
2
)
−
[
E
(
X
]
2
Var(X)=E(X^2)-[E(X]^2
Var(X)=E(X2)−[E(X]2有
V
a
r
(
X
)
=
E
(
X
2
)
−
[
E
(
X
]
2
=
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
2
1
n
−
(
n
+
1
2
)
2
=
n
(
n
+
1
)
(
2
n
+
1
)
6
⋅
1
n
−
(
n
+
1
)
2
4
=
(
n
+
1
)
(
2
n
+
1
)
6
−
(
n
+
1
)
2
4
=
n
2
−
1
12
\begin{aligned} Var(X)&=E(X^2)-[E(X]^2\\ &=\sum_{i=1}^nx_i^2\frac1n -(\frac{n+1}2)^2\\ &=\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}6 \cdot \frac1n - \frac{(n+1)^2}4\\ &=\frac{(n+1)(2n+1)}6 - \frac{(n+1)^2}4\\ &=\frac{n^2-1}{12} \end{aligned}
Var(X)=E(X2)−[E(X]2=i=1∑nxi2n1−(2n+1)2=6n(n+1)(2n+1)⋅n1−4(n+1)2=6(n+1)(2n+1)−4(n+1)2=12n2−1
备注:
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
2
=
n
(
n
+
1
)
(
2
n
+
1
)
6
\sum_{i=1}^nx_i^2=\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}6
∑i=1nxi2=6n(n+1)(2n+1)
题目5
令
X
X
X具有密度
f
(
x
)
=
1
+
α
x
2
,
−
1
≤
x
≤
1
−
1
≤
α
≤
1
f(x)=\frac{1+\alpha x}2,-1\leq x \leq1 \quad -1\leq \alpha \leq 1
f(x)=21+αx,−1≤x≤1−1≤α≤1
计算
E
(
X
)
E(X)
E(X)和
V
a
r
(
X
)
Var(X)
Var(X)
解
首先必须满足
∫
∣
x
∣
f
(
x
)
d
x
<
∞
\int|x|f(x)dx < \infty
∫∣x∣f(x)dx<∞
∫
∣
x
∣
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
−
1
1
∣
x
∣
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
−
1
0
−
x
f
(
x
)
d
x
+
∫
0
1
x
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
(
1
4
−
α
6
)
+
(
1
4
+
α
6
)
=
1
2
\begin{aligned} \int|x|f(x)dx&=\int_{-1}^1 |x|f(x)dx\\ &=\int_{-1}^0-xf(x)dx+\int_{0}^{1}xf(x)dx\\ &=(\frac14-\frac{\alpha}6)+(\frac14+\frac{\alpha}6)\\ &=\frac12 \end{aligned}
∫∣x∣f(x)dx=∫−11∣x∣f(x)dx=∫−10−xf(x)dx+∫01xf(x)dx=(41−6α)+(41+6α)=21
所有期望是存在的
E ( X ) = ∫ − 1 1 x f ( x ) d x = ∫ − 1 1 x 1 + α x 2 d x = 1 2 ( [ x 2 2 + α x 3 3 ] − 1 1 ) = α 3 V a r ( X ) = ∫ − 1 1 ( x − μ ) 2 f ( x ) d x = ∫ − 1 1 ( x − α 3 ) 2 ⋅ 1 + α x 2 d x = 1 2 ∫ − 1 1 ( α x 3 + ( 1 − 2 3 α 2 ) x 2 + ( α 3 9 − 2 3 α ) x + α 2 9 ) d x = 1 3 − α 2 9 \begin{aligned} E(X)&=\int_{-1}^1 xf(x)dx\\ &=\int_{-1}^1x\frac{1+\alpha x}{2}dx\\ &=\frac12 \bigg ( \bigg [\frac{x^2}2+\frac{\alpha x^3}{3}\bigg ]_{-1}^{1}\bigg)\\ &=\frac{\alpha}3 \\ Var(X)&=\int_{-1}^{1}(x-\mu)^2f(x)dx\\ &=\int_{-1}^{1}(x-\frac{\alpha}3)^2\cdot \frac{1+\alpha x}2dx\\ &=\frac12\int_{-1}^{1}(\alpha x^3+(1-\frac23{\alpha}^2)x^2+(\frac{{\alpha}^3}9-\frac23\alpha)x+\frac{{\alpha}^2}9)dx\\ &=\frac13-\frac{{\alpha}^2}9 \end{aligned} E(X)Var(X)=∫−11xf(x)dx=∫−11x21+αxdx=21([2x2+3αx3]−11)=3α=∫−11(x−μ)2f(x)dx=∫−11(x−3α)2⋅21+αxdx=21∫−11(αx3+(1−32α2)x2+(9α3−32α)x+9α2)dx=31−9α2
题目6
令
X
X
X是连续型随机变量,具有概率密度函数
f
(
x
)
=
2
x
,
0
≤
x
≤
1
f(x)=2x,0\leq x \leq 1
f(x)=2x,0≤x≤1
a.计算E(X)
b.令
Y
=
X
2
Y=X^2
Y=X2,计算
Y
Y
Y的概率质量函数,并由其计算
E
(
Y
)
E(Y)
E(Y).
c.利用4.1.1节的定理 4.1.1.1计算
E
(
X
2
)
E(X^2)
E(X2),并与
b
b
b中的答案来进行比较.
d.根据4.2节方差的定义计算
V
a
r
(
x
)
Var(x)
Var(x),同时利用4.2节的定理4.2.2计算
V
a
r
(
x
)
Var(x)
Var(x)
解:
a.计算E(X)
E
(
X
)
=
∫
0
1
x
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
0
1
x
⋅
2
x
d
x
=
2
3
\begin{aligned} E(X)&=\int_0^1 xf(x)dx\\ &=\int_0^1x\cdot2x dx\\ &=\frac23 \end{aligned}
E(X)=∫01xf(x)dx=∫01x⋅2xdx=32
b.令
Y
=
X
2
Y=X^2
Y=X2,计算
Y
Y
Y的概率质量函数,并由其计算
E
(
Y
)
E(Y)
E(Y).
f
Y
(
y
)
=
f
x
(
y
1
2
)
⋅
(
y
1
2
)
′
=
2
⋅
y
1
2
⋅
1
2
y
−
1
2
=
1
E
(
Y
)
=
∫
0
1
y
⋅
f
Y
(
y
)
d
y
=
∫
0
1
y
d
y
=
1
2
\begin{aligned} f_Y(y)&=f_x(y^{\frac12})\cdot (y^{\frac12})^{'}\\ &=2\cdot y^{\frac12}\cdot \frac12 y^{-\frac12}\\ &=1\\ E(Y)&=\int_0^1y\cdot f_Y(y)dy\\ &=\int_0^1 y dy\\ &=\frac12 \end{aligned}
fY(y)E(Y)=fx(y21)⋅(y21)′=2⋅y21⋅21y−21=1=∫01y⋅fY(y)dy=∫01ydy=21
c.利用4.1.1节的定理 4.1.1.1计算
E
(
X
2
)
E(X^2)
E(X2),并与
b
b
b中的答案来进行比较.
E
(
X
2
)
=
∫
0
1
x
2
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
0
1
x
2
⋅
2
x
d
x
=
1
2
\begin{aligned} E(X^2)&=\int_0^1 x^2f(x)dx\\ &=\int_0^1x^2\cdot2x dx\\ &=\frac12 \end{aligned}
E(X2)=∫01x2f(x)dx=∫01x2⋅2xdx=21
与b.中的答案一样。
d.根据4.2节方差的定义计算
V
a
r
(
x
)
Var(x)
Var(x),同时利用4.2节的定理4.2.2计算
V
a
r
(
x
)
Var(x)
Var(x)
按
定
义
计
算
V
a
r
(
X
)
=
∫
0
1
(
x
−
μ
)
2
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
0
1
(
x
−
2
3
)
⋅
2
x
d
x
=
∫
0
1
(
2
x
3
+
8
9
x
−
8
3
x
2
)
d
x
=
1
2
−
4
9
=
1
18
按
定
理
4.2.2
计
算
V
a
r
(
x
)
=
E
(
X
2
)
−
[
E
(
X
)
]
2
=
∫
0
1
x
2
f
(
x
)
d
x
−
(
2
3
)
2
=
∫
0
1
2
x
3
d
x
−
4
9
=
1
2
−
4
9
=
1
18
\begin{aligned} 按定义计算\\ Var(X)&=\int_0^1(x-\mu)^2f(x)dx\\ &=\int_0^1(x-\frac23)\cdot 2x dx\\ &=\int_0^1 (2x^3+\frac89x-\frac83x^2)dx\\ &=\frac12-\frac49\\ &=\frac1{18}\\ 按定理4.2.2计算\\ Var(x)&=E(X^2)-[E(X)]^2\\ &=\int_0^1x^2f(x)dx - (\frac23)^2\\ &=\int_0^12x^3dx-\frac49\\ &=\frac12-\frac49\\ &=\frac1{18} \end{aligned}
按定义计算Var(X)按定理4.2.2计算Var(x)=∫01(x−μ)2f(x)dx=∫01(x−32)⋅2xdx=∫01(2x3+98x−38x2)dx=21−94=181=E(X2)−[E(X)]2=∫01x2f(x)dx−(32)2=∫012x3dx−94=21−94=181
题目7
令
X
X
X为离散型随机变量,可能取值为0,1,2对标的概率为
1
2
,
3
8
,
1
8
\frac12,\frac38,\frac18
21,83,81.
a.求
E
(
X
)
E(X)
E(X)
解:
E
(
X
)
=
0
∗
1
2
+
1
∗
3
8
+
2
∗
1
8
=
5
8
\begin{aligned} E(X)&=0*\frac12+1*\frac38+2*\frac18\\ &=\frac58 \end{aligned}
E(X)=0∗21+1∗83+2∗81=85
b.令
Y
=
X
2
Y=X^2
Y=X2.求
Y
Y
Y的概率质量函数和期望
解:
先求出变量Y的分布,再利用随机变量期望的定义求出求出期望
Y | 0 | 1 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|
P | 1 2 \frac12 21 | 3 8 \frac38 83 | 1 8 \frac18 81 |
E ( Y ) = 0 ∗ 1 2 + 1 ∗ 3 8 + 4 ∗ 1 8 = 7 8 E(Y)=0*\frac12+1*\frac38+4*\frac18=\frac78 E(Y)=0∗21+1∗83+4∗81=87
c.
题目24
证明:如果
X
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
X
n
X_1......X_n
X1......Xn是具有联合分布的随机变量并且期望值为
E
(
X
i
)
E(X_i)
E(Xi),
Y
Y
Y是
X
i
X_i
Xi的线性组合,
Y
=
a
+
Σ
i
=
1
n
b
i
X
i
Y=a+\Sigma_{i=1}^{n}b_iX_i
Y=a+Σi=1nbiXi,则
E
(
Y
)
=
a
+
∑
i
=
1
n
b
i
E
(
X
i
)
E(Y)=a+\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}b_iE(X_i)
E(Y)=a+i=1∑nbiE(Xi)
解题思路
令n=2
E
(
Y
)
=
∑
x
1
∑
x
2
(
a
+
b
1
x
1
+
b
2
x
2
)
p
(
x
1
,
x
2
)
=
a
∑
x
1
∑
x
2
p
(
x
1
,
x
2
)
⏟
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\begin{aligned} E(Y)&=\sum\limits_{x_1}\sum\limits_{x_2}(a+b_1x_1+b_2x_2)p(x_1,x_2)\\ &=\underbrace{a\sum\limits_{x_1}\sum\limits_{x_2}p(x_1,x_2)}_{1}+\underbrace{b_1\sum\limits_{x_1}\sum\limits_{x_2}x_1p(x_1,x_2)}_2+\underbrace{b_2\sum\limits_{x_1}\sum\limits_{x_2}x_2p(x_1,x_2)}_3 \end{aligned}
E(Y)=x1∑x2∑(a+b1x1+b2x2)p(x1,x2)=1
ax1∑x2∑p(x1,x2)+2
b1x1∑x2∑x1p(x1,x2)+3
b2x1∑x2∑x2p(x1,x2)
其中:
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\begin{aligned} a\sum\limits_{x_1}\sum\limits_{x_2}p(x_1,x_2)&=a\\ b_1\sum\limits_{x_1}\sum\limits_{x_2}x_1p(x_1,x_2)&=b_1E(x_1)\\ b_2\sum\limits_{x_1}\sum\limits_{x_2}x_2p(x_1,x_2)&=b_2E(x_2) \end{aligned}
ax1∑x2∑p(x1,x2)b1x1∑x2∑x1p(x1,x2)b2x1∑x2∑x2p(x1,x2)=a=b1E(x1)=b2E(x2)
题目29
证明:如果随机变量
X
X
X和
Y
Y
Y是独立的,那么
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=
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E(XY)=E(X)E(Y)
E(XY)=E(X)E(Y)
解题思路
根据公式
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⋅
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\begin{aligned} E(XY)&=\iint xyf(x,y)dxdy\\ &=\iint xyf(x)f(y)dxdy\\ &=\int xf(x)dx \cdot \int yf(y)dy\\ &=E(X) \cdot E(Y) \end{aligned}
E(XY)=∬xyf(x,y)dxdy=∬xyf(x)f(y)dxdy=∫xf(x)dx⋅∫yf(y)dy=E(X)⋅E(Y)