python爬虫之requests库(一）

requests库是一个常用的用于http请求的模块，它使用python语言编写，可以方便的对网页进行爬取，是学习python爬虫的较好的http请求模块

requests库的安装

在这里，我是使用pycharm对requests库进行安装的，首先选择File->settings,找到Project pychram，点击右边的加号

在弹出栏中输入requests选中，然后点击下面的install Package按钮，进行包的安装

安装完成后，就能在之前一个界面查看到安装的requests

requests库的使用

request提供的方法

request提供的方法

方法	描述
requests.get()	向服务器发送get请求
requests.post()	向服务器发送post请求
requests.put()	向服务器发送put请求
requests.head()	获取头部信息
requests.patch()	向服务器提交局部修改的请求
requests.delete()	向html提交删除请求
requests.request()	构造一个请求，支持以下各种方法

get

get(url,params,**kwargs)

• url: 需要爬取的网站地址。
• params: url中的额外参数，字典或者字节流格式，可选。
• **kwargs : 控制访问的参数

post

post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):

• url: 需要爬取的网站地址。
• data:传递的内容。
• json:json格式传递的内容
• **kwargs : 控制访问的参数

requests

request(method, url, **kwargs):

• method:需要使用的方法
• url：爬行的路径
• **kwargs : 控制访问的参数

控制访问的参数

名称	描述
data	(optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-likeobject to send in the body of the :class:Request.
json	(optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:Request.
headers	(optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:Request.
cookies	(optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:Request.
files	(optional) Dictionary of 'name': file-like-objects (or {'name': file-tuple}) for multipart encoding upload. file-tuple can be a 2-tuple ('filename', fileobj), 3-tuple ('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')or a 4-tuple ('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers), where 'content-type' is a string defining the content type of the given file and custom_headers a dict-like object containing additional headers to add for the file.
auth	(optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
timeout	(optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:(connect timeout, read timeout) <timeouts> tuple. :type timeout: float or tuple
allow_redirects	(optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to True. :type allow_redirects: bool
proxies	(optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
verify	(optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to True.
stream	(optional) if False, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
cert	(optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert’, ‘key’) pair.

Response

通过上面方法返回的是一个Response对象，该对象有一下一些属性和方法

属性/方法	描述
status_code	服务器返回的状态
text	服务器返回的字符串，requests根据自己判断进行的解码
content	服务器响应内容的二进制形式
encoding	requests猜测的相应内容编码方式,text就是根据该编码格式进行解码
json()	返回内容进行json转换

实例

实例1
首先向https://httpbin.org/get获取发送的get请求

import requests

req = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/get')
print(req.text)

执行结果如下

实例2
通过get方法，使用百度查询关键字 新型管状病毒

headers = {
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/80.0.3987.163 Safari/537.36"
}

data = {
"wd":"新型冠状病毒"
}
url = "https://www.baidu.com/s"
re = requests.get(url,params=data,headers= headers)
print(re.url)
with open("index.html","w",encoding="utf-8") as f:
    count = f.write(re.content.decode("utf-8"))
    print(count)

返回的结果

将上面结果的超链接复制到浏览器中，产生下面的效果，被百度察觉到了，
当我们在headers参数中加入Cookie时，就可以了。

headers = {
    "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/80.0.3987.163 Safari/537.36",
    "Cookie": "BIDUPSID=41BB40B30F5505BBAFB383EC2890356C; PSTM=1582981521; BAIDUID=41BB40B30F5505BB1B849015D5D91E79:FG=1; BD_UPN=12314753; BDORZ=B490B5EBF6F3CD402E515D22BCDA1598; BDUSS=hpSllZUVQ5U1JnZkVzdVBJMVp1MmZhUGd0OG9KVTYwTnJvY1dpTVlpeVpyN0plRVFBQUFBJCQAAAAAAAAAAAEAAACXS39dw7u07V-088nxvN21vQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAJkii16ZIoteeE; H_PS_PSSID=1464_31124_21090_31187_30903_31271_31228_30823_31085_26350_31164_22159; sugstore=1; H_PS_645EC=6b05Ik9MKkAEZv4IFslxBo9KEklxQ1OO4z81AbF42RTzgtIiyvevJEQieyM; BDSVRTM=0; WWW_ST=1586850915148"
}

data = {
"wd":"新型冠状病毒"
}
url = "http://www.baidu.com/s"
re = requests.get(url,params=data,headers= headers)
print(re.url)
with open("index.html","w",encoding="utf-8") as f:
    count = f.write(re.content.decode("utf-8"))
    print(count)

打开刚刚写入的文件，和我们平时百度的一样

至于post方法以及使用requests库实现代理部分，我将在python爬虫之requests库(二）介绍