codeforces C. Wish I Knew How to Sort 期望DP

本文解析了如何用概率论与动态规划解决Codeforces题目1753C,涉及01数组排序问题,通过抽象交换事件的概率计算期望交换次数。关键步骤包括抽象问题、构造转移方程和使用longlong避免溢出。分享了AC代码和解题思路。
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题目链接Problem - 1753C - Codeforces

题意是给你一个01数组a,每次随机选两个数字i,j(i<j),如果a[i]>a[j]就交换两个数,问期望多少次交换能够将此序列变为一个有序的上升序列。(不要看样例,我不会求无穷级数和::>_<::)

这是一道很经典的概率DP题,首先这种题一开始一定要将问题抽象化,要将数组变得有序,就意味着将左边的1和右边的0进行交换,直到有序,假设有x个需要交换的对数,那么选择到这样一对的概率是p=x*x/Cn2。令E(x)为当前还剩x对需要交换时期望的交换次数,那么有交换成功和失败两个事件,所以E(x)=E(x-1)*p+E(x)*(1-p)+1(这个+1很关键,代表着当前交换次数+1无论失败与否);不要想交换的顺序,这会使得问题复杂化。

AC代码

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;
typedef long long ll;
const int mod = 998244353;
int s[200010];
int dp[100010];

int qsm(int x, int n) {
	int res = 1;
	for (; n; n >>= 1, x = 1ll * x * x % mod) {
		if (n & 1)
			res = 1ll * res * x % mod;
	}
	return res;
}

int main() {
	int t;
	scanf("%d", &t);
	while (t--) {
		int n, sum = 0;
		scanf("%d", &n);
		for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
			scanf("%d", &s[i]);
			if (s[i] == 1)
				sum++;
		}
		int x = sum;
		for (int i = n; i >= n - sum + 1; i--)
			if (s[i] == 1)
				x--;

		for (int i = 1; i <= x; i++) {
			dp[i] =  (dp[i - 1] +  1ll * n * (n - 1) / 2 % mod * qsm(1ll * i * i % mod, mod - 2)) % mod;
		}
		printf("%d\n", dp[x]);
	}
	return 0;
}

一定要开long long,好久没刷CF都忘了,WA了好几发

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The problem statement can be found at Codeforces website. Approach: Let's start by looking at some examples: - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 → No moves needed. - 2, 1, 3, 5, 4 → One move needed: swap index 1 and 2. - 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 → Two moves needed: swap index 1 and 5, then swap index 2 and 4. We can observe that in order to minimize the number of moves, we need to sort the array in non-descending order and keep track of the number of swaps we make. We can use bubble sort to sort the array and count the number of swaps. Let's see how bubble sort works: - Start from the first element, compare it with the second element, and swap them if the second element is smaller. - Move to the second element, compare it with the third element, and swap them if the third element is smaller. - Continue this process until the second-to-last element. At this point, the largest element is in the last position. - Repeat the above process for the remaining elements, but exclude the last position. In each iteration of the above process, we can count the number of swaps made. Therefore, the total number of swaps needed to sort the array can be obtained by summing up the number of swaps made in each iteration. Implementation: We can implement the above approach using a simple bubble sort algorithm. Here's the code: - First, we read the input array and store it in a vector. - We define a variable to keep track of the total number of swaps made and set it to 0. - We run a loop from the first element to the second-to-last element. - In each iteration of the above loop, we run another loop from the first element to the second-to-last element minus the current iteration index. - In each iteration of the inner loop, we compare the current element with the next element and swap them if the next element is smaller. - If a swap is made, we increment the total number of swaps made. - Finally, we output the total number of swaps made. Time Complexity: The time complexity of bubble sort is O(n^2). Therefore, the overall time complexity of the solution is O(n^2). Space Complexity: We are using a vector to store the input array. Therefore, the space complexity of the solution is O(n). Let's see the implementation of the solution.
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