吴恩达DeepLearning第二部分作业week1（1）权重初始化

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已于 2022-04-14 10:34:24 修改

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分类专栏：吴恩达DeepLearning作业文章标签： python deep learning 神经网络

于 2022-04-13 14:27:36 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_30805765/article/details/124146644

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上次写的神经网络，让我抓狂的问题终于在这节课找到了答案。

对于不同的激活函数，不同的初始权重值往往对学习结果起着至关重要的作用。

RELU函数适合使用he初始化，tanh函数适合使用Xavier初始化。

这次作业主要是了解不同初始化的学习效果。

首先，使用he初始化：照搬之前自己手搓的神经网络。

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import init_utils


def init(x):
    first_num = 20
    second_num = 7
    third_num = 3
    np.random.seed(5)
    w1 = np.random.randn(first_num, x.shape[0]) * np.sqrt(2 / x.shape[0])
    b1 = np.zeros((first_num, 1))
    w2 = np.random.randn(second_num, first_num) * np.sqrt(2 / first_num)
    b2 = np.zeros((second_num, 1))
    w3 = np.random.randn(third_num, second_num) * np.sqrt(2 / second_num)
    b3 = np.zeros((third_num, 1))
    w4 = np.random.randn(1, third_num) * np.sqrt(2 / third_num)
    b4 = np.zeros((1, 1))
   
    ini_param = {
        "w1": w1,
        "b1": b1,
        "w2": w2,
        "b2": b2,
        "w3": w3,
        "b3": b3,
        "w4": w4,
        "b4": b4
    }
    return ini_param

剩下就是前向、后向，代码如下:

# 构建前向
def cal_z(w, a, b):  # a维度：上层节点数*例子数 w维度：该层节点数*上层节点数
    return np.dot(w, a) + b


def cal_sigma(z):  # z维度：该层节点数*例子数
    return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-z))


def cal_tan_h(z):  # z1维度hidden_num*x.shape[1]
    return np.tanh(z)


def cal_relu(z):  # z维度：该层节点数*例子数
    return np.maximum(0, z)


def forward_f(x, p):
    z1 = cal_z(p["w1"], x, p["b1"])
    a1 = cal_relu(z1)
    z2 = cal_z(p["w2"], a1, p["b2"])
    a2 = cal_relu(z2)
    z3 = cal_z(p["w3"], a2, p["b3"])
    a3 = cal_relu(z3)
    z4 = cal_z(p["w4"], a3, p["b4"])
    a4 = cal_sigma(z4)
    forward_param = {
        "z1": z1,
        "a1": a1,
        "z2": z2,
        "a2": a2,
        "z3": z3,
        "a3": a3,
        "z4": z4,
        "a4": a4
    }
    return forward_param


# 计算损失函数
def cost_f(a, y):  # a维度: 1*例子数 y维度：1*例子数
    m = y.shape[1]
    return -np.sum(y * np.log(a) + (1 - y) * np.log(1 - a)) / m


# 后向
def cal_dz_last(a, y):  # ai维度：第i层节点数*例子数 y维度：1*例子数
    return a - y


def cal_dw_db(dz, a, m):  # dzi维度：第i层节点数*例子数 ai维度：第i层节点数*例子数
    return np.dot(dz, a.T) / m, np.sum(dz, axis=1, keepdims=True) / m


def cal_da(dz, w):  # dzi维度：第i层节点数*例子数 wi维度：第i层节点数*第i-1层节点数
    return np.dot(w.T, dz)


def cal_dtanh(da, a):  # dai维度：第i层节点数*例子数 ai维度：第i层节点数*例子数
    return da * (1 - (a * a))


def cal_drelu(da, z):  # dai维度：第i层节点数*例子数 zi维度：第i层节点数*例子数
    t = np.ones(z.shape)
    t[z <= 0] = 0
    return da * t


def back_f(p, f_p, x, y):
    dz4 = cal_dz_last(f_p["a4"], y)
    dw4, db4 = cal_dw_db(dz4, f_p["a3"], y.shape[1])

    da3 = cal_da(dz4, p["w4"])
    dz3 = cal_drelu(da3, f_p["z3"])
    dw3, db3 = cal_dw_db(dz3, f_p["a2"], y.shape[1])

    da2 = cal_da(dz3, p["w3"])
    dz2 = cal_drelu(da2, f_p["z2"])
    dw2, db2 = cal_dw_db(dz2, f_p["a1"], y.shape[1])

    da1 = cal_da(dz2, p["w2"])
    dz1 = cal_drelu(da1, f_p["z1"])
    dw1, db1 = cal_dw_db(dz1, x, y.shape[1])

    back_param = {
        "dw4": dw4,
        "db4": db4,
        "dw3": dw3,
        "db3": db3,
        "dw2": dw2,
        "db2": db2,
        "dw1": dw1,
        "db1": db1
    }
    return back_param


# 更新参数
def update_p(p, b_p, learning_rate):
    upd_p = {
        "w1": p["w1"] - learning_rate * b_p["dw1"],
        "b1": p["b1"] - learning_rate * b_p["db1"],
        "w2": p["w2"] - learning_rate * b_p["dw2"],
        "b2": p["b2"] - learning_rate * b_p["db2"],
        "w3": p["w3"] - learning_rate * b_p["dw3"],
        "b3": p["b3"] - learning_rate * b_p["db3"],
        "w4": p["w4"] - learning_rate * b_p["dw4"],
        "b4": p["b4"] - learning_rate * b_p["db4"]
    }
    return upd_p


# 建模
def model(x, y, learning_rate, loop_num):
    p = init(x)
    cost_t = []
    for i in range(loop_num):
        f_p = forward_f(x, p)
        b_p = back_f(p, f_p, x, y)
        p = update_p(p, b_p, learning_rate)
        if i % 100 == 0:
            cost_t.append(cost_f(f_p["a4"], y))
    return p, cost_t

然后我在作业提供py文件里发现个画图的相当不错，我剽窃来改改

def print_figure(x, y, final_p, _cost):
    x_min, x_max = x[0, :].min() - 1, x[0, :].max() + 1
    y_min, y_max = x[1, :].min() - 1, x[1, :].max() + 1
    h = 0.01
    # Generate a grid of points with distance h between them
    xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.arange(x_min, x_max, h), np.arange(y_min, y_max, h))
    # Predict the function value for the whole grid
    Z = forward_f(np.vstack((xx.ravel(), yy.ravel())), final_p)
    Z = np.round(Z["a4"]).reshape(xx.shape)
    # Plot the contour and training examples
    plt.contourf(xx, yy, Z, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral)
    plt.ylabel('x2')
    plt.xlabel('x1')
    plt.scatter(x[0, :], x[1, :], c=y, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral)
    plt.figure()
    plt.plot(_cost)
    plt.show()

载入数据运行：

train_X, train_Y, test_X, test_Y = init_utils.load_dataset(is_plot=False)
# print(test_X.shape)
# print(test_Y.shape)
model_p, cost = model(test_X, test_Y, 0.01, 12000)
test_f_p = forward_f(test_X, model_p)
train_f_p = forward_f(train_X, model_p)
print("训练集准确度：", 100 * (1 - np.sum(np.abs(np.round(train_f_p["a4"]) - train_Y)) / train_Y.shape[1]), '%')
print("测试集准确度：", 100 * (1 - np.sum(np.abs(np.round(test_f_p["a4"]) - test_Y)) / test_Y.shape[1]), '%')
print_figure(train_X,train_Y,model_p,cost)

结果相当完美

训练集准确度： 94.0 %
测试集准确度： 99.0 %

使用0值初始化，初始化代码如下：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import init_utils


def init(x):
    """
    要构建如下条件的深层神经网络
    4层：3个隐藏层，1个输出层
    input->(hidden1:7个节点，激活函数relu）->(hidden2:5个节点，激活函数relu）
        ——>(output, 激活函数sigma)
    """
    first_num = 20
    second_num = 7
    third_num = 3
    np.random.seed(5)
    w1 = np.zeros((first_num, x.shape[0]))
    b1 = np.zeros((first_num, 1))
    w2 = np.zeros((second_num, first_num))
    b2 = np.zeros((second_num, 1))
    w3 = np.zeros((third_num, second_num))
    b3 = np.zeros((third_num, 1))
    w4 = np.zeros((1, third_num))
    b4 = np.zeros((1, 1))
    ini_param = {
        "w1": w1,
        "b1": b1,
        "w2": w2,
        "b2": b2,
        "w3": w3,
        "b3": b3,
        "w4": w4,
        "b4": b4
    }
    return ini_param

没法学习

将初始值设为很大

def init(x):
    first_num = 20
    second_num = 7
    third_num = 3
    np.random.seed(5)
    w1 = np.random.randn(first_num, x.shape[0])*5
    b1 = np.zeros((first_num, 1))
    w2 = np.random.randn(second_num, first_num)*8
    b2 = np.zeros((second_num, 1))
    w3 = np.random.randn(third_num, second_num)*5
    b3 = np.zeros((third_num, 1))
    w4 = np.random.randn(1, third_num)
    b4 = np.zeros((1, 1))
    ini_param = {
        "w1": w1,
        "b1": b1,
        "w2": w2,
        "b2": b2,
        "w3": w3,
        "b3": b3,
        "w4": w4,
        "b4": b4
    }
    return ini_param

训练集准确度： 56.666666666666664 %
测试集准确度： 60.0 %
损失值降不下去

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吴恩达DeepLearning第二部分作业week1（1）权重初始化

上次写的神经网络，让我抓狂的问题终于在这节课找到了答案。对于不同的激活函数，不同的初始权重值往往对学习结果起着至关重要的作用。RELU函数适合使用he初始化，tanh函数适合使用Xavier初始化。这次作业主要是了解不同初始化的学习效果。首先，使用he初始化：照搬之前自己手搓的神经网络。import numpy as npimport matplotlib.pyplot as pltimport init_utilsdef init(x): first_num = 2
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