蓝牙基本介绍【一】

BLUETOOTH ARCHITECTURE

1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Bluetooth wireless technology is a short-range communications system intended to replace the cable(s) connecting portable and/or fixed electronic devices. The key features of Bluetooth wireless technology are robustness, low power consumption, and low cost. Many features of the specification are
optional, allowing product differentiation.

There are two forms of Bluetooth wireless technology systems: Basic Rate (BR) and Low Energy (LE). Both systems include device discovery, connection establishment and connection mechanisms.

BR/EDR:

• data rates of 721.2 kb/s(BR) & 2.1 Mb/s(EDR).
• offers synchronous and asynchronous connections.

LE:

• lower current consumption.
• lower complexity.
• lower cost than BR/EDR.
• lower data rates (2Mb/s)
• lower duty cycles.
• Isochronous data transfer in a connection-oriented
  and connectionless mechanism that uses the isochronous transports.

The Bluetooth core system consists of a Host and one or more Controllers.

Host->>HCI->>Controller

An implementation of the Bluetooth Core has only one Controller which may be one of the following configurations:

• a BR/EDR Controller including the Radio, Baseband, Link Manager and optionally HCI.
• an LE Controller including the LE PHY, Link Layer and optionally HCI.
• a combined BR/EDR Controller portion and LE Controller portion (as
  identified in the previous two bullets) into a single Controller.

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1.1 OVERVIEW OF BR/EDR OPERATION

• radio (physical layer or PHY) in the unlicensed ISM band at 2.4 GHz(ISM band)
• employs a frequency hopping transceiver to combat interference and fading and providesmany FHSS(Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) carriers.
• During typical operation a physical radio channel is shared by a group of devices that are synchronized to a common clock(Central provide) and frequency hopping pattern(use a algorithmically determined by certain fields in the Bluetooth address and clock of the Central.).
• 79 frequencies
• separated by 1 MHz
• Bluetooth technology provides the effect of full duplex transmission through the use of a Time-Division Duplex (TDD) scheme

physical channel–>physical link–> logical transport–> logical
link–>L2CAP channel

physical channel:
The physical channel is sub-divided into time units known as slots.Data is transmitted between Bluetooth devices in packets that are positioned in these slots. Frequency hopping may take place between the transmission or reception of packets.

Above the physical channel there is a layering of links and channels and associated control protocols.

physical link:

• Typically within a physical channel, a physical link is formed between a Central and one or more Peripherals.
• Provides bidirectional packet transport between the Central and Peripherals(In Connectionless Peripheral Broadcast, the physical link provides a unidirectional packet transport from the Central to a potentially unlimited number of Peripherals)

Since a physical channel could include multiple Peripherals, there are restrictions on which devices may form a physical link. There is a physical link between each Peripheral and the Central. Physical links are not formed directly between the Peripherals in a piconet.

logical links: user data & LMP
The physical link is used as a transport for one or more logical links that support unicast synchronous, asynchronous and isochronous traffic, and broadcast traffic. Traffic on logical links is multiplexed onto the physical link by
occupying slots assigned by a scheduling function in the resource manager.

A control protocol for the baseband and physical layers is carried over logical links in addition to user data. This is the Link Manager protocol (LMP).

default asynchronous connection-oriented logical transport that is used to transport the LMP protocol signaling.the primary ACL logical transport is the one that is created whenever a device joins a piconet.(With the exception of Connectionless Peripheral Broadcast devices)

The Link Manager function uses LMP to control the operation of devices in the piconet and provide services to manage the lower architectural layers (radio and baseband). The LMP protocol is carried on the primary ACL and Active Peripheral Broadcast logical transports.

L2CAP:
Above the baseband the L2CAP layer provides a channel-based abstraction to applications and services. It carries out segmentation and reassembly of application data and multiplexing and de-multiplexing of multiple channels over a shared logical link. L2CAP has a protocol control channel that is carried over the default ACL logical transport. Application data submitted to the L2CAP protocol may be carried on any logical link that supports the L2CAP protocol.

1.2 OVERVIEW OF BLUETOOTH LOW ENERGY OPERATION

the LE radio operates in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz ISM band.The LE system employs a frequency hopping transceiver to combat interference and fading and provides many FHSS carriers.

LE employs two multiple access schemes: Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA).Forty (40) physical channels, separated by 2 MHz, are used in the FDMA scheme.Three (3) are used as primary advertising channels and 37 are used as general purpose channels (including as secondary advertising channels).

TDMA: polling scheme is used in which one device transmits a packet at a predetermined time and a corresponding device responds with a packet after a predetermined interval.

physical channel
The physical channel is sub-divided into time units known as events. Data is transmitted between LE devices in packets that are positioned in these events. The following types of events exist: Advertising, Extended Advertising, Periodic Advertising, Connection, and Isochronous events

Advertising

• Advertising PHY channel changes on the next advertising packet sent by the advertiser in the same advertising event. The advertiser may end the advertising event at any time during the event.

scanners <—> advertisers

Connection

• Devices that need to form an ACL connection to another device listen for connectable advertising packets.

initiators -------connection request-----------> advertiser

Central <-------------------------------------------> Peripheral

connection request using the same advertising PHY channel。
In connection events, channel hopping occurs at the start of each connection event. Within a connection event, the Central and Peripheral alternate sending data packets using the same data PHY channel. The Central initiates the beginning of each connection event and can end each connection event at any time.

The hopping pattern used in LE is a pseudo-random ordering of the 37 frequencies in the ISM band.

Using an ACL connection, a Central can establish one or more isochronous connections that use the isochronous physical channel.