继承中的向上类型转换

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

enum note
{
	middleC,
	Csharp,
	Cflat
};

class Instrument
{
public:
	void play(note) const {}
};

class Flute : public Instrument{};

void tune(Instrument& i)
{
	i.play(middleC);
}

class Parent
{
private:
	int i;
public:
	Parent(int ii) : i(ii)
	{
		cout << "Parent(int ii)\n";
	}
	Parent(const Parent& b) : i(b.i)
	{
		cout << "Parent(const Parent&)\n";
	}
	Parent() : i(0)
	{
		cout << "Parent()\n";
	}
	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const Parent& b)
	{
		return os << "Parent: " << b.i << endl;
	}
	~Parent() {}
};

class Member
{
private:
	int i;
public:
	Member(int ii) : i(ii)
	{
		cout << "Member(int ii)\n";
	}
	Member(const Member& m) : i(m.i)
	{
		cout << "Member(const Member&)\n";
	}
	Member() : i(0)
	{
		cout << "Member()\n";
	}
	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const Member& m)
	{
		return os << "Member: " << m.i << endl;
	}
	~Member() {}
};

class Child : public Parent
{
private:
	int i;
	Member m;
public:
	Child(int ii) : i(ii), Parent(ii), m(ii)
	{
		cout << "Child(int ii)\n";
	}
	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const Child& c)
	{
		return os << Parent(c)
			      << c.m
			      << "Child: " << c.i << endl;
	}
};


int main()
{
	Parent p(9);
	cout << p;

	Child c(5);
	cout << c;

	Instrument i;
	tune(i);

	Flute f;
	tune(f);  // 向上转型，这就是继承中向上类型转换，


	return 0;
}