Accelerated C++之计算学生成绩1

层层深入，由浅及深
一个例子，包含多少知识点，自己看哦

---

• 引用：
  

• inline
  

• 关于&和inline的探讨
  是不是可以说函数调用的开销>函数复制的开销（inline）>引用函数的开销（引用）。不过引用时对函数参数进行引用，而inline和调用是针对函数。

• try catch 和throw
  

浅尝

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    //输入并读取学生姓名
    cout << "please enter your first name:";
    string name;
    cin >> name;
    cout << "hello, " << name << "!" << endl;
    //输入并读取期中和期末成绩
    cout << "please enter your midterm and final exam grades: ";
    double midterm, final;
    cin >> midterm >> final;

    //输入家庭作业成绩
    cout << "enter all your homework grades, followed by end-of-file: ";
    vector<double> homework;
    double x;
    while (cin >> x)
        homework.push_back(x);

    //检查homework是否为空
    typedef vector<double>::size_type vec_sz;
    vec_sz size = homework.size();
    if(size == 0)
    {
        cout<<endl<<"you must enter your grades. please try again."<<endl;
        return 1;
    }
    //对成绩进行排序
    sort(homework.begin(), homework.end());
    //计算家庭作业成绩的中值
    vec_sz mid = size / 2;
    double median;
    median =  size % 2 == 0 ? (homework[mid] + homework[mid - 1]) / 2 : homework[mid];

    //计算并输出总成绩
    streamsize  prec = cout.precision();//设置小数点位数，并保存原来的小数点位数为prec
    cout << "your final grade is " << setprecision(3) << 0.2*midterm + 0.4*final + 0.4*median << setprecision(prec) << endl;

    return 0;
}

• cout.precision()、setprecision()、streamsize的用法
  

深入

#include <iostream> 
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iomanip>
#include <stdexcept>
using namespace std;

double grade(double midterm, double final, double homework)
{
    return  0.2*midterm + 0.4*final + 0.4*homework;
}

double median(vector<double> vec)
{
    typedef vector<double>::size_type vec_sz;//vec_sz局部类型名称，只在该函数有效
    vec_sz size = vec.size();
    if(size == 0)
        throw domain_error("median of an empty vector");
/*关于throw，查看上一篇-异常处理
http://blog.csdn.net/qq_31714485/article/details/77952017
*/

    //domain_error异常对象，在<stdexcept>中定义的类型，它会向我们报告，函数参数的取值是函数不能接受的。
    sort(vec.begin(), vec.end());
    vec_sz mid = size / 2;
    return  size % 2 == 0 ? (vec[mid] + vec[mid - 1]) / 2 : vec[mid];
}

//函数重载，根据函数参数列表，系统自动辨别我们调用的是哪个函数。
double grade(double midterm, double final, const vector<double>& hw)//const vector<double>& hw称为对参数类型为double的向量常量的引用，或者双精度向量常量引用。
{
    if (hw.size() == 0)//提供更多的异常提示，以便跟好的了解错误所在.
        throw domain_error("student has done no homework");
    return grade(midterm, final, median(hw));
}

//读一个输入流，把homework成绩读进vector<double>类型的向量中.都是引用
istream& read_hw(istream& in, vector<double>& hw)
{
    if(in)
    {
        //清除原先的内容
        hw.clear();
        //读取
        double x;
        while (cin>>x)
            hw.push_back(x);
        //清除流以使输入动作对下一个学生有效
        in.clear();
    }
    return in;
}
int main()
{
    //输入并读取学生姓名
    cout << "please enter your first name:";
    string name;
    cin >> name;
    cout << "hello, " << name << "!" << endl;

    //输入并读取期中和期末成绩
    cout << "please enter your midterm and final exam grades: ";
    double midterm, final;
    cin >> midterm >> final;

    //输入家庭作业成绩
    cout << "enter all your homework grades, followed by end-of-file: ";
    vector<double> homework;

    //输入家庭作业成绩
    read_hw(cin, homework);

    //计算并输出总成绩
    try
    {
        double final_grade = grade(midterm, final, homework);
        streamsize  prec = cout.precision();//设置小数点位数，并保存原来的小数点位数为prec
        cout << "your final grade is " << setprecision(3) <<final_grade << setprecision(prec) << endl;
    }
    catch (domain_error)
    {
        cout << endl << "you must enter your grades. please try again." << endl;
        return 1;
    }

    return 0;
}