2021 新标准大学英语综合教程3 第二版答案 Unit2 西电研究生B类综合英语

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这篇内容探讨了不同文化背景下儿童成长的主要特征，从美洲殖民地时期的孩子被期望勤奋好学，到因纽特人重视思维能力的培养，再到汤加家庭中通过纪律教育发展社会能力，以及孟加拉人认为孩子与精神世界相通等。现代西方社会则视儿童为不成熟和依赖的，注重玩耍而非工作，而富拉尼人和亚诺马莫人则让儿童早早承担起责任。这些多元的视角揭示了全球各地对儿童教育和成长的不同理解和方式。

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Active reading 2

Read the passage and write

1. We are American colonial people. We lived in the 17th and 18th centuries on the east coast of America after our families settled there from Europe. In our time, children were expected to be good and industrious. That was the main characteristic of childhood. For example, when our girls were four they knitted stockings and mittens; when they were six they spun wool. We called them “Mrs” to show the girls our appreciation.

2. We are Inuit people from the Arctic regions. Some of us are from Canada and Greenland, others from Russia and Alaska. For us, children need to get ihuma – you would call this the process of acquiring thought, reason and understanding. That’s the main characteristic of childhood. For example, as parents we are tolerant and lenient with children until they are old enough to develop ihuma, then we can teach them and discipline them.

3. We are from Tonga, a kingdom of 169 islands in the south-west Pacific Ocean. As parents, we may regularly beat our children if they haven’t yet developed poto. You would think of poto as social competence. For us, it’s the main quality that our children need to develop. So we treat them with discipline and physical punishment when they are mischievous or wilful.

4. We are the Beng people. We live in different parts of West Africa. The main characteristic of childhood is that young children are thought to be in contact with the spirit world. They come to the world reluctantly because life in the spirit world is so pleasant. As parents, we have to look after our children properly, or they may return to the spirit world. We have to treat them with care and reverence. They can know and understand everything we tell them, whatever languages we use.

5. We are parents from the Western world today. Some of us are from Europe, others from North America, Australia and other places. The main characteristic of childhood in our countries is that children are incompetent and dependent, so they should play, be part of the family and go to school. Children should not work. For example, a child under 14 can’t look after a younger child unsupervised because they aren’t competent or responsible yet. If we found a child of 12 working in a factory or in a market, the social services could intervene and the family could be prosecuted.

6. We are the Fulani people. Most of us live in West Africa. For us, the main characteristic of childhood is that children are competent and responsible. So by the age of four, our girls can care for their younger siblings; by six, they can pound grain or produce milk and butter, which they can sell in the market alongside us.

7. We are the Yanomamö people from the Amazonian rainforest. We live among the hills which you probably call the border between Brazil and Venezuela. The main characteristic of childhood is that children are responsible and competent. Our girls help their mothers from a young age, and by the age of ten they will be running the house. This is important because they will probably be married at 12 or 13. Our boys have fewer responsibilities. They can play because they don’t get married until later.

American colonial: expected to be good and industrious

Inuit: developing a process of acquiring thought, reason and understanding**
**

Tonga: regularly beaten and told off by parents and older siblings until they develop social competence, seen as being very naughty

Beng: treated with great care and reverence, believed that they are in contact with the spirit world

Western world today: seen as incompetent and irresponsible; playing not working, going to school not labouring, consumption instead of production

Fulani: competent and responsible; expected to work

Yanomamö: competent and responsible; girls expected to work from a young age, be married and have children at 12 or 13; boys have fewer responsibilities and get married later

Choose the best

DABDCC

Complete the sentences with

1 contact

2 harsh

3 consumers

4 knitting

5 colonies

6 take exception to

7 impose

8 perspective

9 intervene

Replace the underlined

1 continual

2 dependent on

3 ethnic

4 largely

5 outsiders

6 reluctance

7 external

Choose the right expressions

AAABABBA

Language in use

Parts of speech:

1. The star of the play is a Hollywood actor.

2. I couldn’t refuse his offer.

3. Columbus claimed America in the name of Queen Isabella.

4. He touched the hot dish and burned his fingers.

5. We laughed about all the kids who believed in Santa.

6. Our ideas about childhood have undergone changes over the years.

7. Our view about children is that they are incompetent and dependent.

8. Social anthropologists have questions about the role of childhood in the community.

Word formation:

irreplaceable

irrational

unacceptable

inefficient

inaccurate

unlikely

rather than

Reference:

The clauses that usually follow rather than are main clauses, subordinate clauses and -ing form clauses.

Note: Nouns can also come after rather than.

rather than 2

Reference:

1. Rather than celebrating Christmas on December 25, they waited a week.

2. Her father offered her the planet Venus, rather than a traditional Christmas present.

3. Venus is a planet, rather than a star.

4. Rather than broken junk, they would always have their stars.

5. Rather than work, a child’s life today is characterized by play.

6. Parents treat their children with leniency, rather than reasoning with them.

Complete the sentence

core competence

imposes

ban

tight-knit

knit

brows

knit

jumper / hat

energy consumption

翻译

在西方，做父母的非常了解受父母过度保护的孩子的弱点：这些孩子害怕冒险，缺乏决断力，缺少在现实生活中获得成功的手段；上大学时，许多人无法较好地适应大学生活的严苛，退学是常有的事。因此，父母非常注重培养孩子独立自主的能力。他们给孩子提供大量的学习独立思考技能的机会，让孩子认识到独立自主的能力可以提升他们在课堂内外的学习效率及表现。此外，他们还给孩子有限的选择，尊重孩子的偏好，帮助孩子出色地完成各项任务，以这种方式鼓励他们独立自主。他们还让孩子参与筹划和决策的过程，让他们提出自己的看法。尤其重要的是，他们鼓励孩子独立完成各项任务——包括日常家务活，并经常给予正面的鼓励，避免对他们的行为吹毛求疵。

Compared with the childhood of their parents, children now do enjoy a far better material life, but their emotional life seems less satisfying. They are less likely to play with their peers, for toys have replaced their playmates as their most loyal friends. Their parents can always afford to buy them all kinds of expensive toys. The good thing about this is that they no longer pester their parents to play with them all day long, because toys and video games have lessened their feelings of loneliness. But there are also negative effects: The addiction to toys and video games may cause a child’s eyesight to deteriorate or result in reluctance to communicate with others. These phenomena should demand the attention of both parents and schools