string的使用
string
string相当于basic_string,其中basic_string为字符串模板类，该模板提供了许多字符串类所需的成员以及方法，其中T为单个字符所属的类型。basic_string没有虚函数，这点和其他标准库类型一致，当需要设计更复杂的文字处理类时，可以用它加以实现。
1.string的构造与析构-constructor and destructor
default (1) string();
copy (2) string (const string& str);
substring (3) string (const string& str, size_t pos, size_t len = npos);
from c-string (4) string (const char* s);
from buffer (5) string (const char* s, size_t n);
//构造n个c
fill (6) string (size_t n, char c);
//根据迭代器构造一个string，尝试使用过list迭代器初始化，显示无匹配的构造函数
//而使用vector的迭代器是可以初始化string，文档中的对于InputIterator的要求，它指向可转
//换为char类型的数据
range (7) template <class InputIterator>
string (InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
initializer list (8) string (initializer_list<char> il);
//右值引用
move (9) string (string&& str) noexcept;
析构: ~string()
2.元素访问-Element Access
1)通过以下方式访问元素
//C++ reference
operator[] Get character of string (public member function )
at Get character in string (public member function )
//通过以下两函数实现，区别于[]的访问方式，这种访问方式，会自动检查访问的位置是否有效
//使用两个的函数的原因是为了方便实现===>对象的不同的访问权限
char& at (size_t pos);
const char& at (size_t pos) const;
//访问最前、最后元素
back Access last character (public member function )
front Access first character (public member function )
2)通过迭代器访问
begin Return iterator to beginning (public member function )
end Return iterator to end (public member function )
//反向迭代器，reverse_iterator<iterator>
rbegin Return reverse iterator to reverse beginning (public member function )
rend Return reverse iterator to reverse end (public member function )
//const_iterator是指向const character的迭代器,意味着无法修改这个。只有读权限
//当去修改时，会报错“表达式必须是可修改的左值”
//以下均为C++11新特性
//其类型：const_iterator,reverse_iterator<const_iterator>
cbegin Return const_iterator to beginning (public member function )
cend Return const_iterator to end (public member function )
crbegin Return const_reverse_iterator to reverse beginning (public member function )
crend Return const_reverse_iterator to reverse end (public member function )
3.字符串的修改
operator+= Append to string (public member function )
//四种重载，初始化列表单独测试，暂时搁一搁
string (1) string& operator+= (const string& str);
c-string (2) string& operator+= (const char* s);
character (3) string& operator+= (char c);
initializer list (4) string& operator+= (initializer_list<char> il);
append Append to string (public member function )
//7种重载，较之+=更灵活
string (1) string& append (const string& str);
substring (2) string& append (const string& str, size_t subpos, size_t sublen);
c-string (3) string& append (const char* s);
buffer (4) string& append (const char* s, size_t n);
fill (5) string& append (size_t n, char c);
range (6) template <class InputIterator>
string& append (InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
initializer list(7) string& append (initializer_list<char> il);
//压入字符及弹出字符
push_back Append character to string (public member function )
pop_back Delete last character (public member function )
assign Assign content to string (public member function )
//字符串的赋值
//有以下重载
string (1) string& assign (const string& str);
substring (2) string& assign (const string& str, size_t subpos, size_t sublen);
c-string (3) string& assign (const char* s);
buffer (4) string& assign (const char* s, size_t n);
fill (5) string& assign (size_t n, char c);
range (6) <class InputIterator>
string& assign (InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
initializer list(7) string& assign (initializer_list<char> il);
move (8) string& assign (string&& str) noexcept;
insert Insert into string (public member function )
//插入字符串
//有以下重载
string (1) string& insert (size_t pos, const string& str);
substring (2) string& insert (size_t pos, const string& str, size_t subpos, size_t sublen);
c-string (3) string& insert (size_t pos, const char* s);
buffer (4) string& insert (size_t pos, const char* s, size_t n);
fill (5) string& insert (size_t pos, size_t n, char c);
iterator insert (const_iterator p, size_t n, char c);
single character (6) iterator insert (const_iterator p, char c);
range (7) template <class InputIterator>
iterator insert (iterator p, InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
initializer list (8) string& insert (const_iterator p, initializer_list<char> il);
erase Erase characters from string (public member function )
//清除函数，三种重载分别对应序列，迭代器（指向的某一个字符），以及两个迭代器之间的 范围
//依据字符串字符顺序清除，默认清除整个字符串，两个参数相等时不能清除一个字符，两参 数的差表示清除字符的个数，而第一个参数表示起始位置
sequence (1) string& erase (size_t pos = 0, size_t len = npos);
//依据字符串的迭代器清除，分别清除字符以及子串
character (2) iterator erase (const_iterator p);
//参数相同时不会清除单个字符，无论是sequence还是range都是按照Erases the sequence of characters in the range [first,last)此种方式清除，参数相同时不会清除一个，同时string第 二参数可以在第一个参数之前，结果是不确定的（可以尝试自行研究源码）
range (3) iterator erase (const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
replace Replace portion of string (public member function )
//七种重载，主要是输入的不同以及要替换的方式不同，*注意pos以及len表示的是，要被取代的部分。当len=0时，即表示插入字符串*。当然两个迭代器相等时，同样表示在迭代器位置处插入字符串
string (1) string& replace (size_t pos,size_t len,const string& str);
string& replace (const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, const string& str);
//使用子串进行代替
substring (2) string& replace (size_t pos,size_t len, const string& str,size_t subpos, size_t sublen);
c-string (3) string& replace (size_t pos,size_t len, const char* s);
string& replace (const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, const char* s);
buffer (4) string& replace (size_t pos, size_t len,const char* s, size_t n);
string& replace (const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, const char* s, size_t n);
fill (5) string& replace (size_t pos,size_t len,size_t n, char c);
string& replace (const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2, size_t n, char c);
range (6) template <class InputIterator>
string& replace (const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2,InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
initializer list (7) string& replace (const_iterator i1, const_iterator i2,
initializer_list<char> il);
swap Swap string values (public member function )
void swap (string& str);
//交换两个字符串内容，经过测试后，字符串交换了对其数据的引用，并未实际复制字符
4.字符串大小与容量
size Return length of string (public member function )
size_t size() const noexcept;
//返回字符串大小
length Return length of string (public member function )
size_t length() const noexcept;
//返回字符串长度
max_size Return maximum size of string (public member function )
size_t length() const noexcept;
//return the maximum length the string can reach.
//返回字符串最大长度
resize Resize string (public member function )
void resize (size_t n);
void resize (size_t n, char c);
//将字符串长度调整为n个字符的长度
//如果n小于当前长度移除末尾几个元素
//如果n大于当前长度,若有第二参数则用其填充，若没有则填入空格
capacity Return size of allocated storage (public member function )
size_t capacity() const noexcept;
//返回为字符串分配的空间大小
//调用reserve可以显示改变空间大小
reserve Request a change in capacity (public member function )
void reserve (size_t n = 0);
//无法改变字符串内容，以及其长度
//只能增加为字符串的分配的空间
clear Clear string (public member function )
void clear() noexcept;
//清除当前字符串的内容，不会改变分配空间的大小
empty Test if string is empty (public member function )
bool empty() const noexcept;
//返回字符串是否为空串的布尔值
shrink_to_fit Shrink to fit (public member function )
void shrink_to_fit();
//C++11新特性，将字符串的容量缩小至字符串大小
5.字符串操作
字符串比较
compare Compare strings (public member function )
返回值是：
| value | 两个字符串之间的关系 |
|---|---|
| 0 | 相同 |
| 小于0 | 可能是由于字典顺序在被比较之后，另外可能是，长度更短 |
| 大于0 | 可能是由于字典顺序在被比较之前，另外可能是，长度更长 |
6种重载可以分为如下四类：
其中需要说明的是，可能是子串与子串比，所以有参数pos,len等的重载
string (1) int compare (const string& str) const noexcept;
substrings (2) int compare (size_t pos, size_t len, const string& str) const;
int compare (size_t pos, size_t len, const string& str,
size_t subpos, size_t sublen) const;
c-string (3) int compare (const char* s) const;
int compare (size_t pos, size_t len, const char* s) const;
buffer (4) int compare (size_t pos, size_t len, const char* s, size_t
n)const;
同样也可以通过比较运算符来比较两个字符串。
包括 >、<、==、>=、<=、!=
字符串查找
-
Find content in string (public member function )
-
Find last occurrence of content in string (public member function )
-
Find character in string (public member function )
-
Find character in string from the end (public member function )
-
Find absence of character in string (public member function )
-
Find non-matching character in string from the end (public member function )
各个函数原型
//find
/*查找第一次出现的位置根据传入的参数（字符串），pos参数表示的是寻找的起点。(除了第三个表示的传入参数的起点以及 n表示长度).寻找到会返回寻找到的位置，否则会返回string::npos*/
string (1) size_t find (const string& str, size_t pos = 0) const noexcept;
c-string (2) size_t find (const char* s, size_t pos = 0) const;
buffer (3) size_t find (const char* s, size_t pos, size_type n) const;
character (4) size_t find (char c, size_t pos = 0) const noexcept;
//rfind
/*查找最后一次出现的位置*/
string (1) size_t rfind (const string& str, size_t pos = npos) const noexcept;
c-string (2) size_t rfind (const char* s, size_t pos = npos) const;
buffer (3) size_t rfind (const char* s, size_t pos, size_t n) const;
character (4) size_t rfind (char c, size_t pos = npos) const noexcept;
//find_first_of
//只要找到匹配字符串中任一字符，就算找到位置
string (1) size_t find_first_of (const string& str, size_t pos = 0) const noexcept;
c-string (2) size_t find_first_of (const char* s, size_t pos = 0) const;
buffer (3) size_t find_first_of (const char* s, size_t pos, size_t n) const;
character (4) size_t find_first_of (char c, size_t pos = 0) const noexcept;
//find_last_of
//匹配字符串中的任一字符最后出现的位置
string (1) size_t find_last_of (const string& str, size_t pos = npos) const noexcept;
c-string (2) size_t find_last_of (const char* s, size_t pos = npos) const;
buffer (3) size_t find_last_of (const char* s, size_t pos, size_t n) const;
character (4) size_t find_last_of (char c, size_t pos = npos) const noexcept;
//find_first_not_of
//找到不在参数字符串的任一字符位置
string (1) size_t find_first_not_of (const string& str, size_t pos = 0) const noexcept;
c-string (2) size_t find_first_not_of (const char* s, size_t pos = 0) const;
buffer (3) size_t find_first_not_of (const char* s, size_t pos, size_t n) const;
character (4) size_t find_first_not_of (char c, size_t pos = 0) const noexcept;
//find_last_not_of
//找到不在参数字符串的最后一个字符位置
string (1) size_t find_last_not_of (const string& str, size_t pos = npos) const noexcept;
c-string (2) size_t find_last_not_of (const char* s, size_t pos = npos) const;
buffer (3) size_t find_last_not_of (const char* s, size_t pos, size_t n) const;
character (4) size_t find_last_not_of (char c, size_t pos = npos) const noexcept;
字符串IO及其他函数
其他函数
-
Get C string equivalent (public member function )，获取C风格的string（char*)
const char* c_str() const noexcept;
返回的是const char*一个指向常量字符串的指针。
const表示只读属性，其读法可以是从右往左来结合 -
Get string data (public member function )
const char* data() const noexcept;
返回的是const char*一个指向常量字符串的指针。与c_str返回相同的值。 -
Get allocator (public member function )
allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
返回的是分配器（为字符串分配内存的对象的copy） -
Copy sequence of characters from string (public member function )
size_t copy (char* s, size_t len, size_t pos = 0) const;
复制子串给s，这个子串从pos开始，长度为len,并且这个函数不会加上空字符在复制的内容后面（即"\0"）。 -
Generate substring (public member function )
string substr (size_t pos = 0, size_t len = npos) const;
返回一个由这个对象子串的构造的新string对象。默认返回整个字符串的新对象。
IO函数
以下均是全局函数并非string的成员函数
-
Extract string from stream (function )
istream& operator>> (istream& is, string& str);
从输入流中提取一个字符串，将字符串存储在str中，并且这个字符串会替代str之前的值。每个提取的字符附加到字符串（这里指的并非str，可能是一个中间对象）上，就像调用成员函数push_back()一样。使用输入流提取字符串以空格作为分隔符。因此，此操作只会提取被视为“单词”的字符串。要提取整行，参见getline()。 -
Insert string into stream (function )
-
Get line from stream into string (function )
istream& getline (istream& is, string& str, char delim);
istream& getline (istream&& is, string& str, char delim);
istream& getline (istream& is, string& str);
istream& getline (istream&& is, string& str);
如上为getline函数原型，其中delim参数表示delimitation就是getline的界，表示读取到哪为止。这些函数表示从输入流中提取字符串，直到换行或者遇到了delim这个字符。
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