我的python学习笔记、异常

1、python使用被称为异常的特殊对象来管理程序执行期间发生的错误。每当发生让python不知所措的错误时，它都会创建一个异常对象。如果编写了处理该异常的代码，程序将继续运行，如果未对异常进行处理，程序将终止，并显示一个traceback，其中包含有关异常的报告。

2、使用try-except代码块

如果认为可能发生了错误时，可编写一个try-except代码块来处理可能引发的异常。如果try代码块中的代码运行起来没有问题，python将跳过except代码块；如果try代码块中的代码导致了错误，python将查找这样的except代码块，并运行其中的代码，即其中指定的错误与引发的错误相同。

try:
    print(5/0)
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("You can't divide by zero")
输出为：

D:\www>python hello.py
You can't divide by zero
3、使用异常避免崩溃——else代码块
依赖于try代码块成功执行的代码都应放在else代码块中

while True:
     first_number=input("First number:")
     if first_number=='q':
        break;
     second_number=input("Second number:")
     if second_number=='q':
        break;
     try:
         answer=int(first_number)/int(second_number)
     except ZeroDivisionError:
         print("You can't divide by 0")
     else:
          print(answer)
输出为：

D:\www>python hello.py
First number:1
Second number:2
0.5
First number:1
Second number:0
You can't divide by 0

try-except-else代码块的工作原理：

python尝试执行try代码块中的代码，只有可能引发异常的代码才需要放在try语句中。有时候，有一些仅在try代码块成功执行时才能运行的代码；这些代码应该放在else代码块中。except代码块在尝试执行try代码块时的代码发生了指定异常时执行。

4、处理FileNotFoundError异常

filename='alice.txt'
try:
    with open(filename) as file_object:
         context=file_object.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
         msg="sorry,the file "+filename+" does not exist."
         print(msg)
else:
     print(context) 
输出为：

D:\www>python hello.py
sorry,the file alice.txt does not exist.

D:\www>python hello.py
I am alice.

5、分析文本

filename='alice.txt'
try:
    with open(filename) as file_object:
         context=file_object.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
         msg="sorry,the file "+filename+" does not exist."
         print(msg)
else:
     words=context.split()
     num_words=len(words)
     print("The file "+filename+" has about "+str(num_words)+" words.")
输出为：

D:\www>python hello.py
The file alice.txt has about 3 words.

6、失败时一声不吭

使用pass语句

def count_words(filename):
    try:
        with open(filename) as file_object:
             context=file_object.read()
    except FileNotFoundError:
             pass
    else:
         words=context.split()
         num_words=len(words)
         print("The file "+filename+" has about "+str(num_words)+" words.")

filenames=['alice.txt','hello.txt','data.txt']
for filename in filenames:
    count_words(filename)
输出为：

D:\www>python hello.py
The file alice.txt has about 3 words.
The file data.txt has about 7 words.