python学习笔记（一）

python数据类型

    数字
    字符串
    列表
    元祖
    集合
    字典

数字类型

    整数
    浮点数

变量

    命名：字母、数字、下划线，首字母不能是数字
    变量命名有意义
    # 定义一个变量
    first_number = 1
    second_number  = 1.2
    print(first_number)
    print(type(first_number))
    print(second_number)
    print(type(second_number))
    #布尔变量 True False
    third_bool = False
    print(third_bool)
    print(type(first_number))
    print       打印
    print(type())       打印变量类型

运算符

    #基本运算
    # + - * /
    first_number = 12
    second_number  = 9
    result = first_number + second_number
    print(result)
    
    first_number = 12
    second_number  = 9
    result = first_number - second_number
    print(result)
    
    first_number = 12
    second_number  = 9
    result = first_number * second_number
    print(result)
    
    first_number = 12
    second_number  = 9
    result = first_number / second_number
    print(result)
    注：python除法运算所得结果必定为浮点类型
        first_number = 12
        second_number  = 4
        result = first_number / second_number
        print(result)
        print(type(result))
        
        3.0
        <class 'float'>
    #取模运算
    i= 10
    j = 3
    z =  i % j
    print(z)
    #幂运算
    z = i ** j
    print(z)
    #取整除
    z = i // j
    print(z)
    print(type(z))
        1
        1000
        3
        <class 'int'>
    #赋值运算符
    # =  +=
    i = 5
    i += 1
    print(i)
    i -= 4
    print(i) 
        6
        2
    #进制运算
        #二进制、八进制、十进制、十六进制、十二进制（时钟）
        #十进制转化二进制
        i = 16
        j = bin(i)
        print(j)
        #十进制转八进制
        i=16
        j=oct(i)
        print(j)
        #十进制转十六进制
        i=16
        j=hex(i)
        print(j)
        #二进制转十进制
        i="10"
        j=int(i,2)
        print(j)
        #八进制转十进制
        i="10"
        j=int(i,8)
        print(j)
        #十六进制转十进制
        i="10"
        j=int(i,16)
        print(j)
            0b10000
            0o20
            0x10
            2
            8
            16
    #位运算 & | ^ ~ >>
        i = 11
        j = 2
        z = i & j
        print(z)
        z = i | j
        print(z)
        z = i ^ j
        print(z)
        z = ~i
        print(bin(i))
        print(bin(z))
        print(z)
        i=11
        z = i<<2
        print(z)
        i=11
        z=i>>2
        print(z)
            2
            11
            9
            0b1011
            -0b1100
            -12
            44
            2

条件判断

    '''
    注释 '''  '''
        """  """
        #
    '''
    if_see = input("请输入数字")
    if if_see:1
        print("买两个包子")
    else:
        print("买一个包子")
    输出
            请输入数字1
            买两个包子

字符串

    #声明一个字符串
        #单引号
        s='hello'
        print(s)
        #双引号 与单引号无区别
        s = "hello python"
        print(s)
        #三引号
        s = """hell0
        python
        """
        print(s)
            hello
            hello
            hell0
            python
    #字符串操作
        s = "hello python"
        print(s[0])
        print(s[1])
            h
            e
    #访问字符串中的子字符串 切片操作
        print(s[2:7])
            llo p
    #字符串相加运算
        s1="hello"
        s2="  python"
        print(s1+s2)
            hello  python
    #字符串更新
        s1="hello world"
        s2="python"
        print(s1[:6]+s2)
            hello python
    #字符串包含运算
        s1 = 'hello'
        s2 = 'll'
        print(s1 in s2)
        print(s2 in s1)
    #不包含运算
        print(s1 not in s2)
            False
            True
            True
    #转义字符
        print("\'\"")
        print("hello\npython")
        print("hello\tpython")
        print("hello\rpyt")
        #原始字符串输出
        print(r"hello\rpython")
        print(R"hello\npython")
            '"
            hello
            python
            hello	python
            pyt
            hello\rpython
            hello\npython
    #字符串格式化输出
        s1 = 'hello'
        i = 12
        print("%s -- %d"%(s1,i))
            hello -- 12
    #字符串内建函数
        #字符串查找
        #显示查找到的位置
            s = "hello python".find('l')
            print(s)
                  2
        #大小写转换
        print("HellO".lower())
        print("HellO".upper())
            hello
            HELLO
        #返回字符串长度
            print("hello python".__len__())
                12
        #判断字符串是否只包含空格
            print("   ".isspace())
                True
        #字符串替换
            print("hello python".replace("o","aa"))
                hellaa pythaan

列表

    '''
    列表：一组数据
    list是有序序列
    序列中的每一个元素分配一个数字，也是索引
    从0开始
    '''
        list1 = ["xiaoming",12,"xiaohua",13,"xiaoxiao",11]
        print(list1)
        print(type(list1))
                ['xiaoming', 12, 'xiaohua', 13, 'xiaoxiao', 11]
                <class 'list'>
    #访问列表
        print(list1[1])
        print(list1[2:])
        print(list1[1:3])
            12
            ['xiaohua', 13, 'xiaoxiao', 11]
            [12, 'xiaohua']
    #列表更新
        list1[1] = 15
        print(list1)            
                ['xiaoming', 15, 'xiaohua', 13, 'xiaoxiao', 11]
     #列表添加
        list1.append("xiaohong")
        list1.append(13)
        print(list1)
            ['xiaoming', 15, 'xiaohua', 13, 'xiaoxiao', 11, 'xiaohong', 13]
    #列表删除
        del list1[2]
        del list1[3]
        print(list1)      
            ['xiaoming', 15, 13, 11, 'xiaohong', 13]
    #嵌套列表
        list1 = [["xiaoming",12],["xiaohua",13],["xiaoxiao",11]]
        print(list1)
        print(list1[1])
            [['xiaoming', 12], ['xiaohua', 13], ['xiaoxiao', 11]]
            ['xiaohua', 13]
    #计算列表元素个数
        count = len(list1)
        print(count)
        print(len(list1[1]))
            3
            2
    #移除列表元素，并返回移除元素
        l = list1.pop(1)
        print(l)
        print(list1)            
            ['xiaohua', 13]
            [['xiaoming', 12], ['xiaoxiao', 11]]
    #列表排序
        list1 = [12,34,11,42,33,25]
        list1.sort()
        print(list1)
            [11, 12, 25, 33, 34, 42]
    #查找列表中匹配第一个元素的索引值
        i = list1.index(33)
        print(i)            
            3     

元祖

     '''
    元祖：一个小括号内包含
    元祖不可修改
    '''
        list1 = (12,14,51,33)
        print(list1)
        print(list1[2:])
            (12, 14, 51, 33)
            (51, 33)

集合

    '''
    集合：无序的不重复的序列
    声明方式
    set{}
    {}
    '''
        set_p = {12,44,245,51,12,343}
        print(set_p)
            {12, 44, 51, 245, 343}
    #判断元素是否在集合
        print(13 in set_p)
        print(12 in set_p)
            False
            True
    #两个集合间的运算
        a = set('abcdef')
        b = set("abcxyz")
        print(a&b)
        print(a|b)
        print(a^b)          
            {'a', 'c', 'b'}
            {'x', 'f', 'd', 'c', 'y', 'b', 'a', 'e', 'z'}
            {'x', 'f', 'y', 'e', 'd', 'z'}
    #集合添加元素
        a = {12,43,55,24}
        a.add(30)
        print(a)        
            {43, 12, 55, 24, 30}        
    #移除指定元素
        a = {12,44,64,23,64,22,52}
        a.remove(22)
        print(a)
            {64, 12, 44, 52, 23}
    #随机移除元素
        pop_s = a.pop()
        print(a)  
            {12, 44, 52, 23}
    #计算集合元素个数
        print(len(a))
            4
    #清空集合
        a.clear();
        print(a)        
            set()

字典

    '''
    字典是一种可变容器类型可以存储任意类型变量
    '''
    #定义
    a = {"小米":1000,"vivo":2000,"华为":3000}
    print(a)
    #访问
    key = a.keys()
    print(key)
    print(a['vivo'])
    #添加
    a['苹果'] = 4000
    print(a)
    #更新
    a["小米"]  = 1500
    print(a)
    #删除
    del a["苹果"]
    print(a)
    #函数操作
    #判断键值是否在字典
    i = '小米' in a
    print(i)
    #清除
    a.clear()
    print(a)
            dict_keys(['小米', 'vivo', '华为'])
            2000
            {'小米': 1000, 'vivo': 2000, '华为': 3000, '苹果': 4000}
            {'小米': 1500, 'vivo': 2000, '华为': 3000, '苹果': 4000}
            {'小米': 1500, 'vivo': 2000, '华为': 3000}
            True
            {}

条件语句

    '''
    条件语句
    1、比较运算符
    == >= <= > < !=
    '''
    i = 'a'
    j = 'n'
    if i<j:
        print("j大")
    else:
        print("j小")
    '''
    ascii表
    '''
    print(ord(i))
    print(ord(j))
    print(chr(100))
            j大
            97
            110
            d

成员运算符

    '''
    成员运算符
        in 、 not in
    '''
    str1 = 'abcdef'
    str2 =  "fighj"
    if 'f' in str1:
        if 'f' in str2:
            print("s在str1 和str2中")
    
    if 't' not  in str1:
        print("'t'不在str1中")
    #and 并列
    if ('f' in str1) and ('f' in str2):
        print("f在str1和str2中")
    elif 'f' in str1:
        print("f在str1中")
    elif 'f' in str2:
        print("f在str2中")
    else:
        print("f不在str1和str2中")
            s在str1 和str2中
            't'不在str1中
            f在str1和str2中

真假值判断

    '''
        1地表true、0代表false
        and需要判断到最后一个，只有全部为真时才会返回真
        or只需要判断到真就停止，后面不会判断
    '''
    print(True and False)
    print(True or False)
    print(not True)
    print(1 and 0)
    print(1 or 0)
    print(not  1)
    print(3 and 4 and 5)
    print(3 or 4 or 5)
        False
        True
        False
        0
        1
        False
        5
        3

身份运算符

    '''
    身份运算符
        is  、 is not
        is 判断地址是否一致 == 判断值是否相等
    '''
    i = 1
    j = 1
    print(i == j)
    print(i is j)
    print(id(i))
    print(id(j))
    list1 = {22,33,44}
    list2 = {22,33,44}
    print(list1 == list2)
    print(list1 is list2)
    print(id(list1))
    print(id(list2))
            1630364848
            1630364848
            True
            False
            3710408
            3709088

循环

    '''
    for while
    '''
    i = 1
    count = 0
    while i <11:
        count += i
        i += 1
    print(count)
    
    i=0
    count = 0
    for i in range(101):
        count +=  i
    print(count)
        55
        5050

中断循环

    '''
        中断循环
        break continue
    '''
    
    i = 1
    count = 0
    while i <101:
        if i==50:
            i+=1
            break
        count += i
        i += 1
    print(count)
    
    i = 1
    count = 0
    while i <101:
        if i==50:
            i+=1
            continue
        count += i
        i += 1
    print(count)
    
    while True:
        print("循环1")
        while True:
            print("跳出循环2")
            break
        print("跳出循环1")
        break;
                    1225
                    5000
                    循环1
                    跳出循环2
                    跳出循环1