《system performance》&《BPF PerformanceTools》读书笔记(六)Disks

背景及概念

1.Block I/O stack

读写请求经过文件系统转换为IO请求,进入block层。IO在block层可能会被转发,拆分,合并,排序等一系列处理,最终提交给物理驱动层。

2.I/O elevator & schedulers

电梯算法负责将IO合并及排序,目的是为了适配rotation disk的IO特性以提高其性能。后续又加入了各种调度器,用于平衡IO吞吐量和IO延时,并提供了针对进程的IO优先级设置,以及均衡策略。

3.Disk I/O performance

系统统计的IO延时主要可分为两部分,Wait Time表示IO在block层调度队列等待处理的时间,Service Time表示驱动层及磁盘处理IO请求的时间。分析IO性能时可优先确认这两者比例,以定位性瓶颈的范围,blktrace+btt工具可方便测得该数据。

4.IOwait

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BPF and related observability tools give software professionals unprecedented visibility into software, helping them analyze operating system and application performance, troubleshoot code, and strengthen security. BPF Performance Tools: Linux System and Application Observability is the industry’s most comprehensive guide to using these tools for observability. Brendan Gregg, author of the industry’s definitive guide to system performance, introduces powerful new methods and tools for doing analysis that leads to more robust, reliable, and safer code. This authoritative guide: Explores a wide spectrum of software and hardware targets Thoroughly covers open source BPF tools from the Linux Foundation iovisor project’s bcc and bpftrace repositories Summarizes performance engineering and kernel internals you need to understand Provides and discusses 150+ bpftrace tools, including 80 written specifically for this book: tools you can run as-is, without programming — or customize and develop further, using diverse interfaces and the bpftrace front-end You’ll learn how to use BPF (eBPF) tracing tools to analyze CPUs, memory, disks, file systems, networking, languages, applications, containers, hypervisors, security, and the Linux kernel. You’ll move from basic to advanced tools and techniques, producing new metrics, stack traces, custom latency histograms, and more. It’s like having a superpower: with Gregg’s guidance and tools, you can analyze virtually everything that impacts system performance, so you can improve virtually any Linux operating system or application.
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