当然可以!下面是一份关于 Lua 高阶话题的学习笔记。这份笔记将涵盖 Lua 的一些高级特性,包括面向对象编程、模块与包管理、异步编程、性能优化等。
Lua 高阶学习笔记
1. 面向对象编程 (OOP)
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使用表和元表模拟类:
local Person = {} function Person:new(name, age) local person = setmetatable({}, self) person.name = name person.age = age return person end function Person:sayHello() print("Hello, my name is " .. self.name) end local alice = Person:new("Alice", 25) alice:sayHello()
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继承:
local Animal = {} function Animal:new(name) local animal = setmetatable({}, self) animal.name = name return animal end function Animal:speak() print("Some sound") end local Dog = {} setmetatable(Dog, Animal) function Dog:new(name) local dog = Animal:new(name) setmetatable(dog, self) return dog end function Dog:speak() print("Woof woof!") end local myDog = Dog:new("Buddy") myDog:speak()
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多重继承:
local Movable = {} function Movable:moved() print("Moving") end local Animal = {} setmetatable(Animal, Movable) function Animal:new(name) local animal = setmetatable({}, self) animal.name = name return animal end function Animal:speak() print("Some sound") end local Bird = {} setmetatable(Bird, Animal) function Bird:new(name) local bird = Animal:new(name) setmetatable(bird, self) return bird end function Bird:fly() print("Flying") end local myBird = Bird:new("Polly") myBird:fly() myBird:speak() myBird:moved()
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使用类库:Lua 社区有一些库可以帮助更容易地实现面向对象编程,例如 moonlight 和 luaclasses。
2. 模块与包管理
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创建模块:
-- mathlib.lua local mathlib = {} function mathlib.add(a, b) return a + b end function mathlib.sub(a, b) return a - b end return mathlib
-
加载模块:
local mathlib = require 'mathlib' local result = mathlib.add(10, 5) print(result) -- 输出 15
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使用 LuaRocks:LuaRocks 是 Lua 的包管理器,用于安装和管理 Lua 模块。
luarocks install luacrypto
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自定义包路径:
package.path = package.path .. ";./modules/?.lua"
3. 异步编程
-
使用协同程序实现异步:
local function asyncTask(callback) print("Task started.") coroutine.yield() callback("Task finished.") end local function main() local co = coroutine.create(function() asyncTask(function(result) print(result) end) end) coroutine.resume(co) print("Main function continues...") end main()
4. 性能优化
-
减少全局变量:尽可能减少全局变量的使用,因为它们可能会增加垃圾回收的压力。
local myVar = 10 function doSomething() local localVar = myVar * 2 print(localVar) end
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使用弱表:在 Lua 5.2 及更高版本中,可以使用弱表来避免循环引用,从而减轻垃圾回收的压力。
local weakTable = setmetatable({}, {__mode = "v"}) -- 或 "k" 为弱键 weakTable.someValue = someObject
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避免大对象:尽量避免创建大型的对象或数组,因为它们可能会导致更多的内存碎片。
local bigArray = {} for i = 1, 1000000 do bigArray[i] = i end
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减少函数调用:函数调用有一定的开销,特别是在循环中频繁调用时。
local function calculate(x) return x * 2 end for i = 1, 1000000 do calculate(i) end
5. 示例:使用面向对象实现一个简单的游戏
local Game = {}
function Game:new()
local game = setmetatable({}, self)
game.players = {}
return game
end
function Game:addPlayer(name)
local player = Player:new(name)
table.insert(self.players, player)
return player
end
local Player = {}
function Player:new(name)
local player = setmetatable({
name = name,
score = 0
}, self)
return player
end
function Player:getScore()
return self.score
end
function Player:setScore(score)
self.score = score
end
local game = Game:new()
local alice = game:addPlayer("Alice")
local bob = game:addPlayer("Bob")
alice:setScore(100)
bob:setScore(200)
print(alice:getScore()) -- 输出 100
print(bob:getScore()) -- 输出 200
6. 示例:使用模块实现一个简单的 HTTP 服务器
-- server.lua
local http = require "socket.http"
local http_status = require "socket.http.status"
local function handleRequest(request)
local method = request.method
local path = request.path
local headers = request.headers
local body = request.body
if method == "GET" and path == "/" then
return http_status.OK, "Hello, World!", {["Content-Type"] = "text/plain"}
else
return http_status.NOT_FOUND, "Not Found", {["Content-Type"] = "text/plain"}
end
end
local function startServer(host, port)
local server = assert(socket.bind(host, port))
server:listen(100)
while true do
local client, addr = server:accept()
print("Connection from:", addr)
local request = http.request(client)
local status, body, headers = handleRequest(request)
http.send_headers(client, status, headers)
client:send(body)
client:close()
end
end
startServer("127.0.0.1", 8080)
这些是在 Lua 中高阶话题的学习笔记。希望这些内容对你有所帮助!如果你有任何问题或需要进一步的解释,请随时提问。