from math import acos,pi
from math import sqrt
from decimal import Decimal,getcontext
getcontext().prec = 30
class Vector(object):
CANNOT_NORMALIZE_ZERO_VECTOR_MSG = 'Cannot normalize the zero vector'
def __init__(self, coordinates):
try:
if not coordinates:
raise ValueError
self.coordinates = tuple([Decimal(x) for x in coordinates])
self.dimension = len(coordinates)
except ValueError:
raise ValueError('The coordinates must be nonempty')
except TypeError:
raise TypeError('The coordinates must be an iterable')
def __str__(self):
return 'Vector: {}'.format(self.coordinates)
return self.coordinates == v.coordinates
# 加法
def plus(self,v):
return Vector([x + y for x,y in zip(self.coordinates,v.coordinates)])
# 减法
def minus(self,v):
return Vector([x - y for x,y in zip(self.coordinates,v.coordinates)])
# 向量的倍数
def times_scalar(self,m):
return Vector([Decimal(m)*x for x in self.coordinates])
# 向量的大小
def magnitude(self):
coordinates_squared = [x ** 2 for x in self.coordinates]
return sqrt(sum(coordinates_squared))
# 单位向量
def normalized(self):
try:
magnitude = self.magnitude()
return self.times_scalar(1.0/magnitude)
except ZeroDivisionError:
raise Exception(self.CANNOT_NORMALIZE_ZERO_VECTOR_MSG)
# 两个向量的点积
def dot(self,v):
return sum([x*y for x,y in zip(self.coordinates,v.coordinates)])
# 两个向量之间的角度
def angle_with(self, v, in_degrees=False):
try:
u1 = self.normalized()
u2 = v.normalized()
dots = u1.dot(u2)
if abs(abs(dots) - 1) < 1e-10:
if dots < 0:
dots = -1
else:
dots = 1
angle_in_radians = acos(dots)
if in_degrees:
degrees_per_radian = 180. / pi
return angle_in_radians * degrees_per_radian
else:
return angle_in_radians
except Exception as e:
if str(e) == self.CANNOT_NORMALIZE_ZERO_VECTOR_MSG:
raise Exception('Cannot compute an angle with the zero vector')
else:
raise e
# 判断两个向量是否正交
def is_orthogonal_to(self, v, tolerance=1e-10):
return abs(self.dot(v)) < tolerance
return self.magnitude() < tolerance
# 两个向量是否平行
def is_parallel_to(self,v):
return (self.is_zero() or
v.is_zero() or
self.angle_with(v) == 0 or
self.angle_with(v) == pi)
# 向量在另一个向量上的投影
def component_parallel_to(self,basis):
try:
u = basis.normalized()
weight = self.dot(u)
return u.times_scalar(weight)
except Exception as e:
if str(e) == self.CANNOT_NORMALIZE_ZERO_VECTOR_MSG:
raise Exception('Cannot compute an angle with the zero vector')
else:
raise e
# 向量相对于投影向量的垂直向量
def component_orthogonal_to(self, basis):
try:
projection = self.component_parallel_to(basis)
return self.minus(projection)
except Exception as e:
if str(e) == self.CANNOT_NORMALIZE_ZERO_VECTOR_MSG:
raise Exception('Cannot compute an angle with the zero vector')
else:
raise e
# 计算三维向量的向量积
def cross(self,v):
try:
x_1, y_1, z_1 = self.coordinates
x_2, y_2, z_2 = v.coordinates
new_coordinates = [ y_1 * z_2 - y_2 * z_1,
-(x_1 * z_2 - x_2 * z_1),
x_1 * y_2 - x_2 * y_1]
return Vector(new_coordinates)
except ValueError as e:
msg = str(e)
if msg == 'need more than 2 values to unpack':
self_embedded_in_R3 = Vector(self.coordinates + ('0',))
v_embedded_in_R3 = Vector(v.coordinates + ('0',))
return self_embedded_in_R3.cross(v_embedded_in_R3)
elif (msg == 'too many values to unpack' or
msg == 'need more than 1 value to unpack' ):
raise Exception('wrong value number')
else:
raise e
# 两个向量组成的平行四边形 面积
def area_of_parallelogram_with(self,v):
cross_product = self.cross(v)
return cross_product.magnitude()
# 两个向量组成的三角形 面积
def area_of_triangle_with(self,v):
cross_product = self.cross(v)
from math import sqrt
from decimal import Decimal,getcontext
getcontext().prec = 30
class Vector(object):
CANNOT_NORMALIZE_ZERO_VECTOR_MSG = 'Cannot normalize the zero vector'
def __init__(self, coordinates):
try:
if not coordinates:
raise ValueError
self.coordinates = tuple([Decimal(x) for x in coordinates])
self.dimension = len(coordinates)
except ValueError:
raise ValueError('The coordinates must be nonempty')
except TypeError:
raise TypeError('The coordinates must be an iterable')
def __str__(self):
return 'Vector: {}'.format(self.coordinates)
#两个向量是否相等
return self.coordinates == v.coordinates
# 加法
def plus(self,v):
return Vector([x + y for x,y in zip(self.coordinates,v.coordinates)])
# 减法
def minus(self,v):
return Vector([x - y for x,y in zip(self.coordinates,v.coordinates)])
# 向量的倍数
def times_scalar(self,m):
return Vector([Decimal(m)*x for x in self.coordinates])
# 向量的大小
def magnitude(self):
coordinates_squared = [x ** 2 for x in self.coordinates]
return sqrt(sum(coordinates_squared))
# 单位向量
def normalized(self):
try:
magnitude = self.magnitude()
return self.times_scalar(1.0/magnitude)
except ZeroDivisionError:
raise Exception(self.CANNOT_NORMALIZE_ZERO_VECTOR_MSG)
# 两个向量的点积
def dot(self,v):
return sum([x*y for x,y in zip(self.coordinates,v.coordinates)])
# 两个向量之间的角度
def angle_with(self, v, in_degrees=False):
try:
u1 = self.normalized()
u2 = v.normalized()
dots = u1.dot(u2)
if abs(abs(dots) - 1) < 1e-10:
if dots < 0:
dots = -1
else:
dots = 1
angle_in_radians = acos(dots)
if in_degrees:
degrees_per_radian = 180. / pi
return angle_in_radians * degrees_per_radian
else:
return angle_in_radians
except Exception as e:
if str(e) == self.CANNOT_NORMALIZE_ZERO_VECTOR_MSG:
raise Exception('Cannot compute an angle with the zero vector')
else:
raise e
# 判断两个向量是否正交
def is_orthogonal_to(self, v, tolerance=1e-10):
return abs(self.dot(v)) < tolerance
# 是否是零向量
return self.magnitude() < tolerance
# 两个向量是否平行
def is_parallel_to(self,v):
return (self.is_zero() or
v.is_zero() or
self.angle_with(v) == 0 or
self.angle_with(v) == pi)
# 向量在另一个向量上的投影
def component_parallel_to(self,basis):
try:
u = basis.normalized()
weight = self.dot(u)
return u.times_scalar(weight)
except Exception as e:
if str(e) == self.CANNOT_NORMALIZE_ZERO_VECTOR_MSG:
raise Exception('Cannot compute an angle with the zero vector')
else:
raise e
# 向量相对于投影向量的垂直向量
def component_orthogonal_to(self, basis):
try:
projection = self.component_parallel_to(basis)
return self.minus(projection)
except Exception as e:
if str(e) == self.CANNOT_NORMALIZE_ZERO_VECTOR_MSG:
raise Exception('Cannot compute an angle with the zero vector')
else:
raise e
# 计算三维向量的向量积
def cross(self,v):
try:
x_1, y_1, z_1 = self.coordinates
x_2, y_2, z_2 = v.coordinates
new_coordinates = [ y_1 * z_2 - y_2 * z_1,
-(x_1 * z_2 - x_2 * z_1),
x_1 * y_2 - x_2 * y_1]
return Vector(new_coordinates)
except ValueError as e:
msg = str(e)
if msg == 'need more than 2 values to unpack':
self_embedded_in_R3 = Vector(self.coordinates + ('0',))
v_embedded_in_R3 = Vector(v.coordinates + ('0',))
return self_embedded_in_R3.cross(v_embedded_in_R3)
elif (msg == 'too many values to unpack' or
msg == 'need more than 1 value to unpack' ):
raise Exception('wrong value number')
else:
raise e
# 两个向量组成的平行四边形 面积
def area_of_parallelogram_with(self,v):
cross_product = self.cross(v)
return cross_product.magnitude()
# 两个向量组成的三角形 面积
def area_of_triangle_with(self,v):
cross_product = self.cross(v)
return cross_product.magnitude()/2
#例子
v = Vector(['8.462','7.893','-8.187'])
w = Vector(['6.984','-5.975','4.778'])
print v.cross(w)