Python入门基础笔记一

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_33320337/article/details/85683155

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Python入门基础笔记一

- python是动态语言，强类型语言
基础语法

python是动态语言，强类型语言

1.不用事先声明类型，随时可以赋值为其他类型
2. 编程时不知道是什么类型，很难推断（编译时无法检查，只有运行时才能检查）

基础语法

基础数据类型

注释

由符号#标注的文字

数字

整数不区分短整型和长整型
- 进制：二进制（0b01),0o10,十六进制（0xa）
- 布尔型 : True 、False
浮点数
- 2、3.1415、-0.12、146e9等价于1.46*10 9次方

字符串

使用’ "单双引号引用的字符的序列
‘’'和”””单双三引号
字符串前加R或r则该字符串不做特殊处理（转义字符无效）
支持切片访问

num = "1" # string type
num = "Let's go" # string type
num = "He's \"old\"" # string type
mail = "Xiaoyi: \n hello \n I am you!"
mail = """Xiaoyi:
	hello
	I am you!
	""" # special string format
string = 'xiaoyi' # get value by index
copy = string[0] + string[1] + string[2:6] # note: [2:6] means [2 5] or[2 6)
copy = string[:4] # start from 1
copy = string[2:] # to end
copy = string[::1] # step is 1, from start to end
copy = string[::2] # step is 2
copy = string[-1] # means 'i', the last one

列表

列表list用[]来定义。里面的元素可以修改。List是一个类，支持很多该类定义的方法，这些方法可以用来对list进行操作。

userList = ["xiaoyi", 25, "male"]
name = userList[0]
age = userList[1]
gender = userList[2]
userList[3] = 88888 # error! access out of range
userList.append(8888) # add new elements
"male" in userList # search
userList[2] = 'female' # can modify the element (the memory address not change)
userList.remove(8888) # remove element
userList.remove(userList[2]) # remove element

元组

元组tuple用()来定义。相当于一个可以存储不同类型数据的一个数组。可以用索引来访问，但需要注意的一点是，里面的元素不能被修改。

user = ("xiaoyi", 25, "male")
name = user[0]
age = user[1]
gender = user[2]
t1 = () # empty tuple
t2 = (2, ) # when tuple has only one element, we should add a extra comma
user[1] = 26 # error!! the elements can not be changed
name, age, gender = user # can get three element respectively

字典

字典dictionary用{}来定义。它的优点是定义像key-value这种键值对的结构，就像struct结构体的功能一样。它也支持字典类支持的方法进行创建和操作。

item = ['name', 'age', 'gender']
value = ['xiaoyi', '25', 'male']
zip(item, value) # zip() will produce a new list: 
# [('name', 'xiaoyi'), ('age', '25'), ('gender', 'male')]
# but we can not define their corresponding relationship
# and we can define this relationship use dictionary type
# This can be defined as a key-value manner
# dic = {key1: value1, key2: value2, ...}, key and value can be any type
dic = {'name': 'xiaoyi', 'age': 25, 'gender': 'male'}
dic = {1: 'zou', 'age':25, 'gender': 'male'}
# and we access it like this: dic[key1], the key as a index
print dic['name']
print dic[1]
# another methods create dictionary
fdict = dict(['x', 1], ['y', 2]) # factory mode
ddict = {}.fromkeys(('x', 'y'), -1) # built-in mode, default value is the same which is none
# access by for circle
for key in dic
	print key
	print dic[key]
 
# add key or elements to dictionary, because dictionary is out of sequence,
# so we can directly and a key-value pair like this:
dic['tel'] = 88888 	
# update or delete the elements
del dic[1] # delete this key
dic.pop('tel') # show and delete this key
dic.clear() # clear the dictionary
del dic # delete the dictionary
dic.get(1) # get the value of key
dic.get(1, 'error') # return a user-define message if the dictionary do not contain the key
dic.keys()
dic.values()
dic.has_key(key）