string类

string已经在多次编程题目中拯救了我，所以今天就来总结一下他吧。

各种各样的匹配函数

---

find();正向匹配，返回值为第一个匹配的位置，匹配不到返回npos

// string::find
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main ()
{
  std::string str ("There are two needles in this haystack with needles.");
  std::string str2 ("needle");

  // different member versions of find in the same order as above:
  std::string::size_type found = str.find(str2);
  if (found!=std::string::npos)
    std::cout << "first 'needle' found at: " << found << '\n';

  found=str.find("needles are small",found+1,6);//从found+1开始，匹配前六个字符 "needle"
  if (found!=std::string::npos)
    std::cout << "second 'needle' found at: " << found << '\n';

  found=str.find("haystack");
  if (found!=std::string::npos)
    std::cout << "'haystack' also found at: " << found << '\n';

  found=str.find('.');
  if (found!=std::string::npos)
    std::cout << "Period found at: " << found << '\n';

  // let's replace the first needle:
  str.replace(str.find(str2),str2.length(),"preposition"); //找到str2并将其替换成"preposition"
  std::cout << str << '\n';

  return 0;
 /*
  first 'needle' found at: 14
second 'needle' found at: 44
'haystack' also found at: 30
Period found at: 51
There are two prepositions in this haystack with needles
*/
}

rfind();逆向匹配

find_first_of()//给定字符集，查找这个字符集任何一个字符缩在字符串中第一个位置。返回值为下标。

// string::find_first_of
#include <iostream>       // std::cout
#include <string>         // std::string
#include <cstddef>        // std::size_t

int main ()
{
  std::string str ("Please, replace the vowels in this sentence by asterisks.");
  std::size_t found = str.find_first_of("aeiou");
  while (found!=std::string::npos)
  {
    str[found]='*';
    found=str.find_first_of("aeiou",found+1);
  }

  std::cout << str << '\n';

  return 0;
}

find_first_not_of();

ind_last_of();

find_last_not_of();//名字取得好，与上面对比

---

basic_string substr (size_type pos = 0, size_type len = npos) const;//返回一个子串。

pos为子串的起始下标。len为子串的长度，默认为取到结尾。

// string::substr
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main ()
{
  std::string str="We think in generalities, but we live in details.";
                                              // (quoting Alfred N. Whitehead)

  std::string str2 = str.substr (12,12);         // "generalities"

  std::string::size_type pos = str.find("live"); // position of "live" in str

  std::string str3 = str.substr (pos);           // get from "live" to the end

  std::cout << str2 << ' ' << str3 << '\n';

  return 0;
}

#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
    string strinfo=" //*---Hello Word!......------";
    string strset="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
    int first = strinfo.find_first_of(strset);
    if(first == string::npos)
    {
        cout<<"not find any characters"<<endl;
        return -1;
    }
    int last = strinfo.find_last_of(strset);
    if(last == string::npos)
    {
        cout<<"not find any characters"<<endl;
        return -1;
    }
    cout << strinfo.substr(first, last - first + 1)<<endl;//指定下标范围string substr (size_t pos = 0, size_t len = npos) const;
    return 0;
}

replace()替代函数

// replacing in a string
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main ()
{
  std::string base="this is a test string.";
  std::string str2="n example";
  std::string str3="sample phrase";
  std::string str4="useful.";

  // replace signatures used in the same order as described above:

  // Using positions:                 0123456789*123456789*12345
  std::string str=base;           // "this is a test string."
  str.replace(9,5,str2);          // "this is an example string." (1)
  str.replace(19,6,str3,7,6);     // "this is an example phrase." (2)
  str.replace(8,10,"just a");     // "this is just a phrase."     (3)
  str.replace(8,6,"a shorty",7);  // "this is a short phrase."    (4）
  str.replace(22,1,3,'!');        // "this is a short phrase!!!"  (5)

  // Using iterators:                                               0123456789*123456789*
  str.replace(str.begin(),str.end()-3,str3);                    // "sample phrase!!!"      (1)
  str.replace(str.begin(),str.begin()+6,"replace");             // "replace phrase!!!"     (3)
  str.replace(str.begin()+8,str.begin()+14,"is coolness",7);    // "replace is cool!!!"    (4)
  str.replace(str.begin()+12,str.end()-4,4,'o');                // "replace is cooool!!!"  (5)
  str.replace(str.begin()+11,str.end(),str4.begin(),str4.end());// "replace is useful."    (6)
  std::cout << str << '\n';
  return 0;
}

(1)从第9位开始后面5位替换为str2

(2)str的19位后面6位用str3的第七位后面6位代替

(4)str的第8位后面6位用字符串的前7位代替

(5)str的第23位用3个！代替

各种各样的转换函数

double stod (const string& str, size_t* idx = 0);

*idx是一个传出参数，被设置为被转换了的字符下标+1。

再配合substr(idx)，可完成2个数字的切分。

  std::string orbits ("365.24 29.53");
  std::string::size_type sz;     // alias of size_t 是一个unsign int类型 

  double earth = std::stod (orbits,&sz);
  double moon = std::stod (orbits.substr(sz));
  std::cout << "The moon completes " << (earth/moon) << " orbits per Earth year.\n";

类似的还有

stof();

stoi();

stol();

stold();

stoll();

stoul();

stoull();

to_string();把别的类型转换为string类型。

杂项

pop_back();

push_back();//与vector的pop_back()和push_back()差不多。

// string::pop_back
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main ()
{
  std::string str ("hello world!");
  str.pop_back();
  std::cout << str << '\n';//hello world
  return 0;
}

资料引用：

http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/string/basic_string/find/