一、前言
前面对MQTT进行了简单的介绍，并了解了如何在Linux上搭建MQTT 的运行 环境，参考链接：MQTT通信协议(mosquitto)在Linux上的环境构建与测试，那些仅仅是通过命令去测试，现在我们来通过mosquitto的官方源码，编程实现MQTT协议的发布订阅。
上一章中通过源码编译安装后，将会有几个我们需要用到的文件。对应路径如下：
mosquitto-1.6.10/lib/libmosquitto.so.1
mosquitto-1.6.10/lib/cpp/libmosquittopp.so.1
mosquitto-1.6.10/lib/mosquitto.h
mosquitto-1.6.10/lib/mosquittopp.h
下面的程序是使用标准C语言来实现，所以我们只需要用到mosquitto.h和libmosquitto.so.1两个文件就可以了。
二、同步函数
mosquitto有同步和异步两种通讯方式。这里的异步是一种非阻塞的方式，比同步通信性能更好，因为同步的方式是“通信+等待”的阻塞模式，不过接下来先编写一下mosquitto同步函数，再写异步函数。
具体函数如下：
对mosquitto的函数说明可以参照官方网站的API解释：参考链接如：mosquitto_connect
具体代码
订阅端（sub.c）
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "mosquitto.h"
#define HOST "localhost"
#define PORT 1883
#define KEEP_ALIVE 60
#define MSG_MAX_SIZE 512
// 定义运行标志决定是否需要结束
static int running = 1;
void my_connect_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *obj, int rc)
{
printf("Call the function: on_connect\n");
if(rc){
// 连接错误，退出程序
printf("on_connect error!\n");
exit(1);
}else{
// 订阅主题
// 参数：句柄、id、订阅的主题、qos
if(mosquitto_subscribe(mosq, NULL, "topic1", 2)){
printf("Set the topic error!\n");
exit(1);
}
}
}
void my_disconnect_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *obj, int rc)
{
printf("Call the function: my_disconnect_callback\n");
running = 0;
}
void my_subscribe_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *obj, int mid, int qos_count, const int *granted_qos)
{
printf("Call the function: on_subscribe\n");
}
void my_message_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *obj, const struct mosquitto_message *msg)
{
printf("Call the function: on_message\n");
printf("Recieve a message of %s : %s\n", (char *)msg->topic, (char *)msg->payload);
if(0 == strcmp(msg->payload, "quit")){
mosquitto_disconnect(mosq);
}
}
int main()
{
int ret;
struct mosquitto *mosq;
// 初始化mosquitto库
ret = mosquitto_lib_init();
if(ret){
printf("Init lib error!\n");
return -1;
}
// 创建一个订阅端实例
// 参数：id（不需要则为NULL）、clean_start、用户数据
mosq = mosquitto_new("sub_test", true, NULL);
if(mosq == NULL){
printf("New sub_test error!\n");
mosquitto_lib_cleanup();
return -1;
}
// 设置回调函数
// 参数：句柄、回调函数
mosquitto_connect_callback_set(mosq, my_connect_callback);
mosquitto_disconnect_callback_set(mosq, my_disconnect_callback);
mosquitto_subscribe_callback_set(mosq, my_subscribe_callback);
mosquitto_message_callback_set(mosq, my_message_callback);
// 连接至服务器
// 参数：句柄、ip（host）、端口、心跳
ret = mosquitto_connect(mosq, HOST, PORT, KEEP_ALIVE);
if(ret){
printf("Connect server error!\n");
mosquitto_destroy(mosq);
mosquitto_lib_cleanup();
return -1;
}
// 开始通信：循环执行、直到运行标志running被改变
printf("Start!\n");
while(running)
{
mosquitto_loop(mosq, -1, 1);
}
// 结束后的清理工作
mosquitto_destroy(mosq);
mosquitto_lib_cleanup();
printf("End!\n");
return 0;
}
发布端（pub.c）
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include "mosquitto.h"
#define HOST "localhost"
#define PORT 1883
#define KEEP_ALIVE 60
#define MSG_MAX_SIZE 512
static int running = 1;
void my_connect_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *obj, int rc)
{
printf("Call the function: my_connect_callback\n");
}
void my_disconnect_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *obj, int rc)
{
printf("Call the function: my_disconnect_callback\n");
running = 0;
}
void my_publish_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *obj, int mid)
{
printf("Call the function: my_publish_callback\n");
}
int main()
{
int ret;
struct mosquitto *mosq;
char buff[MSG_MAX_SIZE];
//初始化libmosquitto库
ret = mosquitto_lib_init();
if(ret){
printf("Init lib error!\n");
return -1;
}
//创建一个发布端实例
mosq = mosquitto_new("pub_test", true, NULL);
if(mosq == NULL){
printf("New pub_test error!\n");
mosquitto_lib_cleanup();
return -1;
}
//设置回调函数
mosquitto_connect_callback_set(mosq, my_connect_callback);
mosquitto_disconnect_callback_set(mosq, my_disconnect_callback);
mosquitto_publish_callback_set(mosq, my_publish_callback);
// 连接至服务器
// 参数：句柄、ip（host）、端口、心跳
ret = mosquitto_connect(mosq, HOST, PORT, KEEP_ALIVE);
if(ret){
printf("Connect server error!\n");
mosquitto_destroy(mosq);
mosquitto_lib_cleanup();
return -1;
}
printf("Start!\n");
//mosquitto_loop_start作用是开启一个线程，在线程里不停的调用 mosquitto_loop() 来处理网络信息
int loop = mosquitto_loop_start(mosq);
if(loop != MOSQ_ERR_SUCCESS)
{
printf("mosquitto loop error\n");
return 1;
}
while(fgets(buff, MSG_MAX_SIZE, stdin) != NULL)
{
/*发布消息*/
mosquitto_publish(mosq,NULL,"topic1",strlen(buff)+1,buff,0,0);
memset(buff,0,sizeof(buff));
}
mosquitto_destroy(mosq);
mosquitto_lib_cleanup();
printf("End!\n");
return 0;
}
makefile文件
all:
@echo ""
@echo "Start compiling......"
@echo ""
gcc -o sub sub.c -lmosquitto
gcc -o pub pub.c -lmosquitto
@echo "end"
sub:
gcc -o sub sub.c -lmosquitto
pub:
gcc -o pub pub.c -lmosquitto
clean:
-rm sub pub
运行结果
1、先执行make
2、启动mosquitto服务器
3、运行pub和sub
4、测试发布订阅信息
三、异步函数
异步函数与同步函数两者的差别就是在连接服务器的connect函数、loop循环函数。那接下来就简单探究一下loop函数的调用方式：同步函数是调用mosquitto_loop函数来阻塞等待实现的一种通信；而查看源码我们就会发现，异步方式的"loop"函数就是创建了一个线程去完成同步方式中导致阻塞等待的mosquitto_loop函数，其调用过程如下：
mosquitto_loop_start(mosq); // 异步方式的loop
pthread_create(&mosq->thread_id, NULL, mosquitto__thread_main, mosq)
mosquitto_loop_forever(mosq, 1000*86400, 1);
mosquitto_loop(mosq, timeout, max_packets); // 同步方式的loop
mosquitto_loop_stop(mosq, false);
pthread_cancel(mosq->thread_id);
pthread_join(mosq->thread_id, NULL);
了解同步异步函数的调用区别之后，我们继续看一下异步方式连接服务器函数mosquitto_connect_async的官方说明：
具体代码
订阅端（sub.c）
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include "mosquitto.h"
#define HOST "localhost"
#define PORT 1883
#define KEEP_ALIVE 60
#define MSG_MAX_SIZE 512
// 定义运行标志决定是否需要结束
static int running = 1;
void my_connect_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *obj, int rc)
{
printf("Call the function: on_connect\n");
if(rc){
// 连接错误，退出程序
printf("on_connect error!\n");
exit(1);
}else{
// 订阅主题
// 参数：句柄、id、订阅的主题、qos
if(mosquitto_subscribe(mosq, NULL, "topic2", 2)){
printf("Set the topic error!\n");
exit(1);
}
}
}
void my_disconnect_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *obj, int rc)
{
printf("Call the function: my_disconnect_callback\n");
running = 0;
}
void my_subscribe_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *obj, int mid, int qos_count, const int *granted_qos)
{
printf("Call the function: on_subscribe\n");
}
void my_message_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *obj, const struct mosquitto_message *msg)
{
printf("Call the function: on_message\n");
printf("Recieve a message of %s : %s\n", (char *)msg->topic, (char *)msg->payload);
if(0 == strcmp(msg->payload, "quit")){
mosquitto_disconnect(mosq);
}
}
int main()
{
int ret;
struct mosquitto *mosq;
// 初始化mosquitto库
ret = mosquitto_lib_init();
if(ret){
printf("Init lib error!\n");
return -1;
}
// 创建一个订阅端实例
// 参数：id（不需要则为NULL）、clean_start、用户数据
mosq = mosquitto_new("sub_test", true, NULL);
if(mosq == NULL){
printf("New sub_test error!\n");
mosquitto_lib_cleanup();
return -1;
}
// 设置回调函数
// 参数：句柄、回调函数
mosquitto_connect_callback_set(mosq, my_connect_callback);
mosquitto_disconnect_callback_set(mosq, my_disconnect_callback);
mosquitto_subscribe_callback_set(mosq, my_subscribe_callback);
mosquitto_message_callback_set(mosq, my_message_callback);
// 连接至服务器
// 参数：句柄、ip（host）、端口、心跳
ret = mosquitto_connect_async(mosq, HOST, PORT, KEEP_ALIVE);
if(ret){
printf("Connect server error!\n");
mosquitto_destroy(mosq);
mosquitto_lib_cleanup();
return -1;
}
ret = mosquitto_loop_start(mosq);
if(ret){
printf("Start loop error!\n");
mosquitto_destroy(mosq);
mosquitto_lib_cleanup();
return -1;
}
// 开始通信：循环执行、直到运行标志g_iRunFlag被改变
printf("Start!\n");
while(running)
{
//mosquitto_loop(mosq, -1, 1);
sleep(1);
}
// 结束后的清理工作
mosquitto_loop_stop(mosq, false);
mosquitto_destroy(mosq);
mosquitto_lib_cleanup();
printf("End!\n");
return 0;
}
发布端（pub.c）
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include "mosquitto.h"
#define HOST "localhost"
#define PORT 1883
#define KEEP_ALIVE 60
#define MSG_MAX_SIZE 512
static int running = 1;
void my_connect_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *obj, int rc)
{
printf("Call the function: my_connect_callback\n");
}
void my_disconnect_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *obj, int rc)
{
printf("Call the function: my_disconnect_callback\n");
running = 0;
}
void my_publish_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *obj, int mid)
{
printf("Call the function: my_publish_callback\n");
}
int main()
{
int ret;
struct mosquitto *mosq;
char buff[MSG_MAX_SIZE];
// 初始化mosquitto库
ret = mosquitto_lib_init();
if(ret){
printf("Init lib error!\n");
return -1;
}
// 创建一个发布端实例
// 参数：id（不需要则为NULL）、clean_start、用户数据
mosq = mosquitto_new("pub_test", true, NULL);
if(mosq == NULL){
printf("New pub_test error!\n");
mosquitto_lib_cleanup();
return -1;
}
// 设置回调函数
// 参数：句柄、回调函数
mosquitto_connect_callback_set(mosq, my_connect_callback);
mosquitto_disconnect_callback_set(mosq, my_disconnect_callback);
mosquitto_publish_callback_set(mosq, my_publish_callback);
// 连接至服务器
// 参数：句柄、ip（host）、端口、心跳
// ret = mosquitto_connect_async(mosq, HOST, PORT, KEEP_ALIVE);
ret = mosquitto_connect_async(mosq, HOST, PORT, KEEP_ALIVE);
if(ret){
printf("Connect server error!\n");
mosquitto_destroy(mosq);
mosquitto_lib_cleanup();
return -1;
}
int loop = mosquitto_loop_start(mosq);
if(loop != MOSQ_ERR_SUCCESS)
{
printf("mosquitto loop error\n");
return 1;
}
// 开始通信：循环执行、直到运行标志g_iRunFlag被改变
printf("Start!\n");
while(fgets(buff, MSG_MAX_SIZE, stdin) != NULL)
{
/*发布消息*/
mosquitto_publish(mosq,NULL,"topic2",strlen(buff)+1,buff,0,0);
memset(buff,0,sizeof(buff));
}
// 结束后的清理工作
mosquitto_loop_stop(mosq, false);
mosquitto_destroy(mosq);
mosquitto_lib_cleanup();
printf("End!\n");
return 0;
}
makefile文件同上：
all:
@echo ""
@echo "Start compiling......"
@echo ""
gcc -o sub sub.c -lmosquitto
gcc -o pub pub.c -lmosquitto
@echo "end"
sub:
gcc -o sub sub.c -lmosquitto
pub:
gcc -o pub pub.c -lmosquitto
clean:
-rm sub pub
运行结果
1、先执行make
2、启动mosquitto服务器
3、运行pub和sub
4、测试发布订阅信息
四、可订阅可发布模式
具体代码
客户端1代码：pub.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <mosquitto.h>
#include <string.h>
#define HOST "localhost"
#define PORT 1883
#define KEEP_ALIVE 60
#define MSG_MAX_SIZE 512
bool session = true;
void my_message_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *userdata, const struct mosquitto_message *message)
{
if(message->payloadlen){
printf("%s %s", message->topic, (char *)message->payload);
}else{
printf("%s (null)\n", message->topic);
}
fflush(stdout);
}
void my_connect_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *userdata, int result)
{
int i;
if(!result){
/* Subscribe to broker information topics on successful connect. */
mosquitto_subscribe(mosq, NULL, "topic2 ", 2);
}else{
fprintf(stderr, "Connect failed\n");
}
}
void my_subscribe_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *userdata, int mid, int qos_count, const int *granted_qos)
{
int i;
printf("Subscribed (mid: %d): %d", mid, granted_qos[0]);
for(i=1; i<qos_count; i++){
printf(", %d", granted_qos[i]);
}
printf("\n");
}
void my_log_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *userdata, int level, const char *str)
{
printf("%s\n", str);
}
int main()
{
struct mosquitto *mosq = NULL;
char buff[MSG_MAX_SIZE];
//libmosquitto 库初始化
mosquitto_lib_init();
//创建mosquitto客户端
mosq = mosquitto_new(NULL,session,NULL);
if(!mosq){
printf("create client failed..\n");
mosquitto_lib_cleanup();
return 1;
}
//设置回调函数，需要时可使用
mosquitto_log_callback_set(mosq, my_log_callback);
mosquitto_connect_callback_set(mosq, my_connect_callback);
mosquitto_message_callback_set(mosq, my_message_callback);
mosquitto_subscribe_callback_set(mosq, my_subscribe_callback);
//连接服务器
if(mosquitto_connect(mosq, HOST, PORT, KEEP_ALIVE)){
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to connect.\n");
return 1;
}
//开启一个线程，在线程里不停的调用 mosquitto_loop() 来处理网络信息
int loop = mosquitto_loop_start(mosq);
if(loop != MOSQ_ERR_SUCCESS)
{
printf("mosquitto loop error\n");
return 1;
}
while(fgets(buff, MSG_MAX_SIZE, stdin) != NULL)
{
/*发布消息*/
mosquitto_publish(mosq,NULL,"topic1 ",strlen(buff)+1,buff,0,0);
memset(buff,0,sizeof(buff));
}
mosquitto_destroy(mosq);
mosquitto_lib_cleanup();
return 0;
}
客户端2代码：sub.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <mosquitto.h>
#include <string.h>
#define HOST "localhost"
#define PORT 1883
#define KEEP_ALIVE 60
#define MSG_MAX_SIZE 512
#define TOPIC_NUM 3
bool session = true;
void my_message_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *userdata, const struct mosquitto_message *message)
{
if(message->payloadlen){
printf("%s %s", message->topic, (char *)message->payload);
}else{
printf("%s (null)\n", message->topic);
}
fflush(stdout);
}
void my_connect_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *userdata, int result)
{
int i;
if(!result){
/* Subscribe to broker information topics on successful connect. */
mosquitto_subscribe(mosq, NULL, "topic1 ", 2);
}else{
fprintf(stderr, "Connect failed\n");
}
}
void my_subscribe_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *userdata, int mid, int qos_count, const int *granted_qos)
{
int i;
printf("Subscribed (mid: %d): %d", mid, granted_qos[0]);
for(i=1; i<qos_count; i++){
printf(", %d", granted_qos[i]);
}
printf("\n");
}
void my_log_callback(struct mosquitto *mosq, void *userdata, int level, const char *str)
{
/* Pring all log messages regardless of level. */
printf("%s\n", str);
}
int main()
{
struct mosquitto *mosq = NULL;
char buff[MSG_MAX_SIZE];
//libmosquitto 库初始化
mosquitto_lib_init();
//创建mosquitto客户端
mosq = mosquitto_new(NULL,session,NULL);
if(!mosq){
printf("create client failed..\n");
mosquitto_lib_cleanup();
return 1;
}
//设置回调函数，需要时可使用
mosquitto_log_callback_set(mosq, my_log_callback);
mosquitto_connect_callback_set(mosq, my_connect_callback);
mosquitto_message_callback_set(mosq, my_message_callback);
mosquitto_subscribe_callback_set(mosq, my_subscribe_callback);
//连接服务器
if(mosquitto_connect(mosq, HOST, PORT, KEEP_ALIVE)){
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to connect.\n");
return 1;
}
//开启一个线程，在线程里不停的调用 mosquitto_loop() 来处理网络信息
int loop = mosquitto_loop_start(mosq);
if(loop != MOSQ_ERR_SUCCESS)
{
printf("mosquitto loop error\n");
return 1;
}
while(fgets(buff, MSG_MAX_SIZE, stdin) != NULL)
{
/*发布消息*/
mosquitto_publish(mosq,NULL,"topic2 ",strlen(buff)+1,buff,0,0);
memset(buff,0,sizeof(buff));
}
mosquitto_destroy(mosq);
mosquitto_lib_cleanup();
return 0;
}
makefile文件
all:
@echo ""
@echo "Start compiling......"
@echo ""
gcc -o sub sub.c -lmosquitto
gcc -o pub pub.c -lmosquitto
@echo "end"
sub:
gcc -o sub sub.c -lmosquitto
pub:
gcc -o pub pub.c -lmosquitto
clean:
-rm sub pub
运行结果
1、先执行make
2、启动mosquitto服务器
3、运行pub和sub
4、测试发布订阅信息,每个客户端都可以发布和订阅，双向收发。
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