Python 3 trivial notes

1. how to use help on readline function?

know from documentation that file input output stuff is defined in io module.

help(io.TextIOBase.readline)

>>> import io
>>> dir(io)
['BlockingIOError', 'BufferedIOBase', 'BufferedRWPair', 'BufferedRandom', 'BufferedReader', 'BufferedWriter', 'BytesIO', 'DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE', 'FileIO', 'IOBase', 'IncrementalNewlineDecoder', 'OpenWrapper', 'RawIOBase', 'SEEK_CUR', 'SEEK_END', 'SEEK_SET', 'StringIO', 'TextIOBase', 'TextIOWrapper', 'UnsupportedOperation', '_WindowsConsoleIO', '__all__', '__author__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', '_io', 'abc', 'open']
>>> help(io.TextIOBase)
Help on class TextIOBase in module io:

class TextIOBase(_io._TextIOBase, IOBase)
 |  Base class for text I/O.
 |  
 |  This class provides a character and line based interface to stream
 |  I/O. There is no readinto method because Python's character strings
 |  are immutable. There is no public constructor.
 |  
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      TextIOBase
 |      _io._TextIOBase
 |      IOBase
 |      _io._IOBase
 |      builtins.object
 |  
 |  Data and other attributes defined here:
 |  
 |  __abstractmethods__ = frozenset()
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from _io._TextIOBase:
 |  
 |  detach(...)
 |      Separate the underlying buffer from the TextIOBase and return it.
 |      
 |      After the underlying buffer has been detached, the TextIO is in an
 |      unusable state.
 |  
 |  read(...)
 |      Read at most n characters from stream.
 |      
 |      Read from underlying buffer until we have n characters or we hit EOF.
 |      If n is negative or omitted, read until EOF.
 |  
 |  readline(...)
 |      Read until newline or EOF.
 |      
 |      Returns an empty string if EOF is hit immediately.
 |  
 |  write(...)
 |      Write string to stream.
 |      Returns the number of characters written (which is always equal to
 |      the length of the string).
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from _io._TextIOBase:
 |  
 |  encoding
 |      Encoding of the text stream.
 |      
 |      Subclasses should override.
 |  
 |  errors
 |      The error setting of the decoder or encoder.
 |      
 |      Subclasses should override.
 |  
 |  newlines
 |      Line endings translated so far.
 |      
 |      Only line endings translated during reading are considered.
 |      
 |      Subclasses should override.
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from _io._IOBase:
 |  
 |  __del__(...)
 |  
 |  __enter__(...)
 |  
 |  __exit__(...)
 |  
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |  
 |  __next__(self, /)
 |      Implement next(self).
 |  
 |  close(self, /)
 |      Flush and close the IO object.
 |      
 |      This method has no effect if the file is already closed.
 |  
 |  fileno(self, /)
 |      Returns underlying file descriptor if one exists.
 |      
 |      OSError is raised if the IO object does not use a file descriptor.
 |  
 |  flush(self, /)
 |      Flush write buffers, if applicable.
 |      
 |      This is not implemented for read-only and non-blocking streams.
 |  
 |  isatty(self, /)
 |      Return whether this is an 'interactive' stream.
 |      
 |      Return False if it can't be determined.
 |  
 |  readable(self, /)
 |      Return whether object was opened for reading.
 |      
 |      If False, read() will raise OSError.
 |  
 |  readlines(self, hint=-1, /)
 |      Return a list of lines from the stream.
 |      
 |      hint can be specified to control the number of lines read: no more
 |      lines will be read if the total size (in bytes/characters) of all
 |      lines so far exceeds hint.
 |  
 |  seek(...)
 |      Change stream position.
 |      
 |      Change the stream position to the given byte offset. The offset is
 |      interpreted relative to the position indicated by whence.  Values
 |      for whence are:
 |      
 |      * 0 -- start of stream (the default); offset should be zero or positive
 |      * 1 -- current stream position; offset may be negative
 |      * 2 -- end of stream; offset is usually negative
 |      
 |      Return the new absolute position.
 |  
 |  seekable(self, /)
 |      Return whether object supports random access.
 |      
 |      If False, seek(), tell() and truncate() will raise OSError.
 |      This method may need to do a test seek().
 |  
 |  tell(self, /)
 |      Return current stream position.
 |  
 |  truncate(...)
 |      Truncate file to size bytes.
 |      
 |      File pointer is left unchanged.  Size defaults to the current IO
 |      position as reported by tell().  Returns the new size.
 |  
 |  writable(self, /)
 |      Return whether object was opened for writing.
 |      
 |      If False, write() will raise OSError.
 |  
 |  writelines(self, lines, /)
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods inherited from _io._IOBase:
 |  
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors inherited from _io._IOBase:
 |  
 |  __dict__
 |  
 |  closed

>>> help(io.TextIOBase.readline)
Help on method_descriptor:

readline(...)
    Read until newline or EOF.
    
    Returns an empty string if EOF is hit immediately.

2. isdigit, isalnum

help(str.isalnum)
Help on method_descriptor:

isalnum(self, /)
    Return True if the string is an alpha-numeric string, False otherwise.
    
    A string is alpha-numeric if all characters in the string are alpha-numeric and
    there is at least one character in the string.

help(str.isdigit)
Help on method_descriptor:

isdigit(self, /)
    Return True if the string is a digit string, False otherwise.
    
    A string is a digit string if all characters in the string are digits and there
    is at least one character in the string.

'12.34'.isdigit()
False
'abc12.45'.isalnum()
False

help(str.isnumeric)
Help on method_descriptor:

isnumeric(self, /)
    Return True if the string is a numeric string, False otherwise.
    
    A string is numeric if all characters in the string are numeric and there is at
    least one character in the string.

'12.34'.isnumeric()
False
'1234'.isnumeric()
True

help(str.isupper)
Help on method_descriptor:

isupper(self, /)
    Return True if the string is an uppercase string, False otherwise.
    
    A string is uppercase if all cased characters in the string are uppercase and
    there is at least one cased character in the string.

'R2D2'.isupper()
True