026:编程填空：统计动物数量

描述

代码填空，使得程序能够自动统计当前各种动物的数量

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// 在此处补充你的代码
void print() {
	cout << Animal::number << " animals in the zoo, " << Dog::number << " of them are dogs, " << Cat::number << " of them are cats" << endl;
}

int main() {
	print();
	Dog d1, d2;
	Cat c1;
	print();
	Dog* d3 = new Dog();
	Animal* c2 = new Cat;
	Cat* c3 = new Cat;
	print();
	delete c3;
	delete c2;
	delete d3;
	print();
}

 

样例输入

None

样例输出

0 animals in the zoo, 0 of them are dogs, 0 of them are cats
3 animals in the zoo, 2 of them are dogs, 1 of them are cats
6 animals in the zoo, 3 of them are dogs, 3 of them are cats
3 animals in the zoo, 2 of them are dogs, 1 of them are cats

代码实现

1、定义Animal基类，Dog类和Cat类继承基类

2、开始没有对象就可以通过类::变量名进行访问，说明number类定义为静态成员变量，属于整个类，方便对整个类的某个属性进行管理

3、派生类生成时，需要将基类的总数加一（派生类构造函数中实现）

4、main函数中有通过基类指针进行释放内存空间，为了派生类消亡时，基类的总数也保持一致，需要将基类的析构函数定义为虚函数，这样基类指针释放空间时，会有多态现象，会调用派生类的析构函数，而派生类析构函数会自动调用基类的析构函数

5、另外类中定义的静态成员变量，必须在类外进行声明，不然链接时会报错

class Animal{
	public:
	static int number;
	virtual ~Animal(){
		number--;
	}
};
int Animal::number=0;
class Dog:public Animal{
	public:
	static int number;
	Dog(){
		number++;
		Animal::number++;
	}
	~Dog(){
		number--;
	}
};
int Dog::number=0;
class Cat : public Animal{
	public:
	static int number;
	Cat(){
		number++;
		Animal::number++;
	}
	~Cat(){
		number--;
	}
};
int Cat::number=0;