机器学习之集成学习和随机森林

1 基本概念

• 集成学习，通过构建并结合多个学习器来完成学习任务。一般结构是：先产生一组“个体学习器”，再用某种策略将它们结合起来。结合策略主要有平均法、投票法和学习法等。
• 随机森林指的是利用多棵树对样本进行训练并预测的一种分类器。
  

2 自己模拟的集成学习法

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn import datasets

X, y = datasets.make_moons(n_samples=500, noise=0.3, random_state=42)
plt.scatter(X[y==0,0], X[y==0,1])
plt.scatter(X[y==1,0], X[y==1,1])
plt.show()
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, random_state=42)
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression

log_clf = LogisticRegression()
log_clf.fit(X_train, y_train)
log_clf.score(X_test, y_test)
from sklearn.svm import SVC

svm_clf = SVC()
svm_clf.fit(X_train, y_train)
svm_clf.score(X_test, y_test)
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier

dt_clf = DecisionTreeClassifier(random_state=666)
dt_clf.fit(X_train, y_train)
dt_clf.score(X_test, y_test)
y_predict1 = log_clf.predict(X_test)
y_predict2 = svm_clf.predict(X_test)
y_predict3 = dt_clf.predict(X_test)
y_predict = np.array((y_predict1 + y_predict2 + y_predict3) >= 2, dtype='int')
y_predict[:10]
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score

accuracy_score(y_test, y_predict)

<注> 依据三种分类算法svc,逻辑回归，决策树三种方式投票方式来进行

3 sklearn中的集成学习

1.voting classifier


1)使用voting classifier 集成学习(少数服从多数）hard voting

from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.svm import SVC
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier
from sklearn.ensemble import VotingClassifier

voting_clf = VotingClassifier(estimators=[
    ('log_clf', LogisticRegression()), 
    ('svm_clf', SVC()),
    ('dt_clf', DecisionTreeClassifier(random_state=666))],
                             voting='hard')


voting_clf.fit(X_train, y_train)
voting_clf.score(X_test, y_test)

2) soft Voting 使用概率来衡量

voting_clf2 = VotingClassifier(estimators=[
    ('log_clf', LogisticRegression()), 
    ('svm_clf', SVC(probability=True)),
    ('dt_clf', DecisionTreeClassifier(random_state=666))],
                             voting='soft')

voting_clf2.fit(X_train, y_train)
voting_clf2.score(X_test, y_test)

3）Bagging 和 Pasting

from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier
from sklearn.ensemble import BaggingClassifier

bagging_clf = BaggingClassifier(DecisionTreeClassifier(),
                               n_estimators=500,max_samples=100,
                               bootstrap=True) # 放回取样

bagging_clf.fit(X_train, y_train)
bagging_clf.score(X_test, y_test)

n_estimators总样本数，max_samples每次取出的样本数

4）oob_score_

from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier
from sklearn.ensemble import BaggingClassifier

bagging_clf = BaggingClassifier(DecisionTreeClassifier(),
                               n_estimators=500,max_samples=100,
                               bootstrap=True,oob_score=True,n_jobs=12) # 放回取样
bagging_clf.fit(X,y)
#不同区分训练测试集   oob将没取到的百分之37的数据自动当测试集

5)bootstrap features 放回取样是关于特征数而不是样本数

# 只对样本特征放回采样
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier
from sklearn.ensemble import BaggingClassifier

random_subspaces_clf = BaggingClassifier(DecisionTreeClassifier(),
                               n_estimators=500,max_samples=500,
                               bootstrap=True,oob_score=True,n_jobs=12,# 放回取样
                               max_features=1,bootstrap_features=True) #随机选一个特征，放回取样
random_subspaces_clf.fit(X,y)
#不同区分训练测试集   oob将没取到的百分之37的数据自动当测试集
random_subspaces_clf.oob_score_

#  即对样本和样本特征都进行放回采样
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier
from sklearn.ensemble import BaggingClassifier

random_patches_clf = BaggingClassifier(DecisionTreeClassifier(),
                               n_estimators=500,max_samples=100,
                               bootstrap=True,oob_score=True,n_jobs=12,# 放回取样
                               max_features=1,bootstrap_features=True) #随机选一个特征，放回取样
random_patches_clf.fit(X,y)
#不同区分训练测试集   oob将没取到的百分之37的数据自动当测试集
random_patches_clf.oob_score_

4 随机森林

1 使用随机森林

from  sklearn.ensemble  import RandomForestClassifier

rf_clf = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=500,random_state=666,n_jobs=-1,oob_score=True)
rf_clf.fit(X,y)
rf_clf.oob_score_

rf_clf2 = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=500,max_leaf_nodes=16,random_state=666,n_jobs=-1,oob_score=True)
rf_clf2.fit(X,y)
rf_clf2.oob_score_

2 使用Extra-tree

from sklearn.ensemble import ExtraTreesClassifier

et_clf = ExtraTreesClassifier(n_estimators=500,random_state=666,bootstrap=True,oob_score=True)
et_clf.fit(X,y)

et_clf.oob_score_

5 集成学习解决回归问题（和分类类似）

from  sklearn.ensemble import BaggingRegressor
from sklearn.ensemble  import RandomForestRegressor
from sklearn.ensemble  import ExtraTreesRegressor

6 小结

集成学习和随机森林（多棵决策树）的方法可以集成多种简单的分类回归算法进行比较好的处理分类和回归的任务。