全局变量和局部变量、调试、单元测试、文件操作、# StringIO和BytesIO、OS模块、pickle、json

全局变量和局部变量

- global

- nonlocal

global 声明全局变量7

nonlocal想要修改外层函数变量的值。

调试

1)print
2)assert
断言n!=0，若n=0,则会触发AssertionError

    n = int(s)
    assert n != 0, 'n is zero!'
    return 10 / n

foo('0')

3)logging

# coding=utf-8
__author__ = 'liu.chunming'

import logging

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.WARNING,
                    filename='D://log.txt',
                    filemode='w',
                    format='%(asctime)s - %(filename)s[line:%(lineno)d] - %(levelname)s: %(message)s')
# use logging
logging.info('this is a loggging info message')
logging.debug('this is a loggging debug message')
logging.warning('this is loggging a warning message')
logging.error('this is an loggging error message')
logging.critical('this is a loggging critical message')

单元测试

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import unittest


class Student(object):
    def __init__(self, name, score):
        self.name = name
        self.score = score

    def get_grade(self):
        if self.score > 100 or self.score < 0:
            raise ValueError("分数只能在1-100")
        if self.score >= 80:
            return 'A'
        if self.score >= 60:
            return 'B'
        return 'C'


class TestStudent(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_80_to_100(self):
        s1 = Student('Bart', 80)
        s2 = Student('Lisa', 100)
        self.assertEqual(s1.get_grade(), 'A')
        self.assertEqual(s2.get_grade(), 'A')

    def test_60_to_80(self):
        s1 = Student('Bart', 60)
        s2 = Student('Lisa', 79)
        self.assertEqual(s1.get_grade(), 'B')
        self.assertEqual(s2.get_grade(), 'B')

    def test_0_to_60(self):
        s1 = Student('Bart', 0)
        s2 = Student('Lisa', 59)
        self.assertEqual(s1.get_grade(), 'C')
        self.assertEqual(s2.get_grade(), 'C')

    def test_invalid(self):
        s1 = Student('Bart', -1)
        s2 = Student('Lisa', 101)
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            s1.get_grade()
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            s2.get_grade()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

文件操作

def read_file(dir1):
    with open(dir1, "r", encoding="utf-8", errors="ignore") as f:
        for line in f.readlines():
            print(line)


def write_file(dir1):
    with open(dir1, "a") as f:
        f.write("i am a big orange\n")


dir2 = r"D://log.txt"
write_file(dir2)
read_file(dir2)

StringIO和BytesIO

from io import StringIO

f=StringIO()
f.write("hello")
print(f.tell())
f.seek(0)
print(f.readline())
# 上面两行可以替换为
print(f.getvalue())
f1 = StringIO('Hello!\nHi!\nGoodbye!')
while True:
    s=f1.readline()
    print(s)
    if s == '':
        break

OS模块

序列化

pickle

把变量从内存中变成可存储或传输的过程称之为序列化

import pickle
import os

d = {"a": 1, "b": 0}

path = os.path.join(os.path.abspath('.'), "11.pkl")

with open(path, "wb") as f:
    pickle.dump(d, f)

with open(path, "rb") as f:
    print(pickle.load(f))

json

将对象序列化为json和将json反序列化为对象

import json


class Student(object):
    def __init__(self, name, age, score):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.score = score


s = Student('Bob', 20, 88)
# 将对象序列化为json
# print(json.dumps(s, default=lambda obj: obj.__dict__))
json_str = json.dumps(s.__dict__)
print(json_str)


def dict2student(d):
    return Student(d['name'], d['age'], d['score'])


# 把json还原成object对象
s = json.loads(json_str, object_hook=dict2student)