python文档

4.7.5. Lambda 表达式

>>> pairs = [(1, 'one'), (2, 'two'), (3, 'three'), (4, 'four')]
>>> pairs.sort(key=lambda pair: pair[1])
>>> pairs
[(4, 'four'), (1, 'one'), (3, 'three'), (2, 'two')]

4.7.7. 函数标注

>>> def f(ham: str, eggs: str = 'eggs') -> str:
...     print("Annotations:", f.__annotations__)
...     print("Arguments:", ham, eggs)
...     return ham + ' and ' + eggs
...
>>> f('spam')
Annotations: {'ham': <class 'str'>, 'return': <class 'str'>, 'eggs': <class 'str'>}
Arguments: spam eggs
'spam and eggs'

5.1.2. 列表作为队列使用

列表也可以用作队列，其中先添加的元素被最先取出 (“先进先出”)；然而列表用作这个目的相当低效。因为在列表的末尾添加和弹出元素非常快，但是在列表的开头插入或弹出元素却很慢 (因为所有的其他元素都必须移动一位)。

若要实现一个队列，可使用 collections.deque，它被设计成可以快速地从两端添加或弹出元素。例如

>>> from collections import deque
>>> queue = deque(["Eric", "John", "Michael"])
>>> queue.append("Terry")           # Terry arrives
>>> queue.append("Graham")          # Graham arrives
>>> queue.popleft()                 # The first to arrive now leaves
'Eric'
>>> queue.popleft()                 # The second to arrive now leaves
'John'
>>> queue                           # Remaining queue in order of arrival
deque(['Michael', 'Terry', 'Graham'])

5.1.4. 嵌套的列表推导式

考虑下面这个 3x4的矩阵，它由3个长度为4的列表组成

>>> matrix = [
...     [1, 2, 3, 4],
...     [5, 6, 7, 8],
...     [9, 10, 11, 12],
... ]

>>> [[row[i] for row in matrix] for i in range(4)]
[[1, 5, 9], [2, 6, 10], [3, 7, 11], [4, 8, 12]]

>>> transposed = []
>>> for i in range(4):
...     transposed.append([row[i] for row in matrix])
...
>>> transposed
[[1, 5, 9], [2, 6, 10], [3, 7, 11], [4, 8, 12]]

>>> transposed = []
>>> for i in range(4):
...     # the following 3 lines implement the nested listcomp
...     transposed_row = []
...     for row in matrix:
...         transposed_row.append(row[i])
...     transposed.append(transposed_row)
...
>>> transposed
[[1, 5, 9], [2, 6, 10], [3, 7, 11], [4, 8, 12]]

>>> list(zip(*matrix))
[(1, 5, 9), (2, 6, 10), (3, 7, 11), (4, 8, 12)]

9.2.1. 作用域和命名空间示例

def scope_test():
    def do_local():
        spam = "local spam"

    def do_nonlocal():
        nonlocal spam
        spam = "nonlocal spam"

    def do_global():
        global spam
        spam = "global spam"

    spam = "test spam"
    do_local()
    print("After local assignment:", spam)
    do_nonlocal()
    print("After nonlocal assignment:", spam)
    do_global()
    print("After global assignment:", spam)

scope_test()
print("In global scope:", spam)

'''
out:
After local assignment: test spam
After nonlocal assignment: nonlocal spam
After global assignment: nonlocal spam
In global scope: global spam
'''

9.8. 迭代器、生成器

class Reverse:
    """Iterator for looping over a sequence backwards."""
    def __init__(self, data):
        self.data = data
        self.index = len(data)

    def __iter__(self):
        return self

    def __next__(self):
        if self.index == 0:
            raise StopIteration
        self.index = self.index - 1
        return self.data[self.index]

10.3. 命令行参数

argparse 模块提供了一种更复杂的机制来处理命令行参数。 以下脚本可提取一个或多个文件名，并可选择要显示的行数:
当在通过 python top.py --lines=5 alpha.txt beta.txt 在命令行运行时，该脚本会将 args.lines 设为 5 并将 args.filenames 设为 [‘alpha.txt’, ‘beta.txt’]。

import argparse

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog = 'top',
    description = 'Show top lines from each file')
parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='+')
parser.add_argument('-l', '--lines', type=int, default=10)
args = parser.parse_args()
print(args)

python中self，cls

https://www.cnblogs.com/chllovegeyuting/archive/2013/03/14/2960532.html

Python 字符串前面加u,r,b的含义

https://www.cnblogs.com/liangmingshen/p/9274021.html