目录
工厂模式分为简单工厂模式,工厂方法模式和抽象工厂模式,它们都属于设计模式中的创建型模式。其主要功能都是帮助我们把对象的实例化部分抽取了出来,目的是降低系统中代码耦合度,并且增强了系统的扩展性。本文对这三种模式进行介绍并且分析它们之间的区别。
一、简单工厂模式
1、定义:简单工厂模式是属于创建型模式,又叫做静态工厂方法(Static Factory Method)模式,但不属于23种GOF设计模式之一。简单工厂模式是由一个工厂对象决定创建出哪一种产品类的实例。简单工厂模式是工厂模式家族中最简单实用的模式,可以理解为是不同工厂模式的一个特殊实现。
2、实质:简单工厂模式的实质是由一个工厂类根据传入的参数,动态决定应该创建哪一个产品类(这些产品类继承自一个父类或接口)的实例。其UML结构图如下所示:
3、优缺点
- 优点:工厂类是整个模式的关键.包含了必要的逻辑判断,根据外界给定的信息,决定究竟应该创建哪个具体类的对象.通过使用工厂类,外界可以从直接创建具体产品对象的尴尬局面摆脱出来,仅仅需要负责“消费”对象就可以了。而不必管这些对象究竟如何创建及如何组织的.明确了各自的职责和权利,有利于整个系统结构的优化。
- 缺点:由于工厂类集中了所有实例的创建逻辑,违反了高内聚责任分配原则,将全部创建逻辑集中到了一个工厂类中;它所 能创建的类只能是事先考虑到的,如果需要添加新的类,则就需要改变工厂类了。当系统中的具体产品类不断增多时候,可能会出现要求工厂类根据不同条件创建不同实例的需求.这种对条件的判断和对具体产品类型的判断交错在一起,很难避免模块功能的蔓延,对系统的维护和扩展非常不利。
4、使用场景
- 工厂类负责创建的对象比较少;
- 客户只知道传入工厂类的参数,对于如何创建对象(逻辑)不关心;
- 由于简单工厂很容易违反高内聚责任分配原则,因此一般只在很简单的情况下应用
5、实现
下面就以披萨连锁店为例使用简单工厂模式。UML结构图如下:
(1)披萨店类
public class PizzaStore {
SimplePizzaFactory factory;
public PizzaStore(SimplePizzaFactory factory) {
this.factory = factory;
}
public Pizza orderPizza(String type) {
Pizza pizza;
pizza = factory.createPizza(type);
pizza.prepare();
pizza.bake();
pizza.cut();
pizza.box();
return pizza;
}
}
(2)披萨简单工厂类
public class SimplePizzaFactory {
public Pizza createPizza(String type) {
Pizza pizza = null;
if (type.equals("cheese")) {
pizza = new CheesePizza();
} else if (type.equals("pepperoni")) {
pizza = new PepperoniPizza();
} else if (type.equals("clam")) {
pizza = new ClamPizza();
} else if (type.equals("veggie")) {
pizza = new VeggiePizza();
}
return pizza;
}
}
(3)披萨抽象类
abstract public class Pizza {
String name;
String dough;
String sauce;
ArrayList<String> toppings = new ArrayList<String>();
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void prepare() {
System.out.println("Preparing " + name);
}
public void bake() {
System.out.println("Baking " + name);
}
public void cut() {
System.out.println("Cutting " + name);
}
public void box() {
System.out.println("Boxing " + name);
}
public String toString() {
// code to display pizza name and ingredients
StringBuffer display = new StringBuffer();
display.append("---- " + name + " ----\n");
display.append(dough + "\n");
display.append(sauce + "\n");
for (String topping : toppings) {
display.append(topping + "\n");
}
return display.toString();
}
}
(4)具体的披萨子类
public class CheesePizza extends Pizza {
public CheesePizza() {
name = "Cheese Pizza";
dough = "Regular Crust";
sauce = "Marinara Pizza Sauce";
toppings.add("Fresh Mozzarella");
toppings.add("Parmesan");
}
}
public class VeggiePizza extends Pizza {
public VeggiePizza() {
name = "Veggie Pizza";
dough = "Crust";
sauce = "Marinara sauce";
toppings.add("Shredded mozzarella");
toppings.add("Grated parmesan");
toppings.add("Diced onion");
toppings.add("Sliced mushrooms");
toppings.add("Sliced red pepper");
toppings.add("Sliced black olives");
}
}
public class ClamPizza extends Pizza {
public ClamPizza() {
name = "Clam Pizza";
dough = "Thin crust";
sauce = "White garlic sauce";
toppings.add("Clams");
toppings.add("Grated parmesan cheese");
}
}
public class PepperoniPizza extends Pizza {
public PepperoniPizza() {
name = "Pepperoni Pizza";
dough = "Crust";
sauce = "Marinara sauce";
toppings.add("Sliced Pepperoni");
toppings.add("Sliced Onion");
toppings.add("Grated parmesan cheese");
}
}
(5)测试
public class PizzaTestDrive {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SimplePizzaFactory factory = new SimplePizzaFactory();
PizzaStore store = new PizzaStore(factory);
Pizza pizza = store.orderPizza("cheese");
System.out.println("We ordered a " + pizza.getName() + "\n");
System.out.println(pizza);
pizza = store.orderPizza("veggie");
System.out.println("We ordered a " + pizza.getName() + "\n");
System.out.println(pizza);
}
}
运行结果:
二、工厂方法模式
1、定义:工厂方法模式定义一个用于创建对象的接口,让子类决定实例化哪一个类。工厂方法使一个类的实例化延迟到其子类。
2、实质:此模式的核心精神是封装类中变化的部分,提取其中个性化善变的部分为独立类,通过依赖注入以达到解耦、复用和方便后期维护拓展的目的。它的核心结构有四个角色,分别是抽象工厂;具体工厂;抽象产品;具体产品。其UML结构图如下所示:
3、优点:核心类只关注工厂类的接口定义,而具体的产品实例交给具体的工厂子类去创建。当系统需要新增一个产品是,无需修改现有系统代码,只需要添加一个具体产品类和其对应的工厂子类,使系统的扩展性变得很好,符合面向对象编程的开闭原则。
4、使用场景
- 对于某个产品,调用者清楚地知道应该使用哪个具体工厂服务,实例化该具体工厂,生产出具体的产品来。Java Collection中的iterator() 方法即属于这种情况;
- 只是需要一种产品,而不想知道也不需要知道究竟是哪个工厂为生产的,即最终选用哪个具体工厂的决定权在生产者一方,它们根据当前系统的情况来实例化一个具体的工厂返回给使用者,而这个决策过程这对于使用者来说是透明的
5、实现
下面就以披萨连锁店为例使用工厂方法模式。UML结构图如下:
(1)披萨店抽象类
public abstract class PizzaStore {
abstract Pizza createPizza(String item);
public Pizza orderPizza(String type) {
Pizza pizza = createPizza(type);
System.out.println("--- Making a " + pizza.getName() + " ---");
pizza.prepare();
pizza.bake();
pizza.cut();
pizza.box();
return pizza;
}
}
(2)披萨抽象类
public abstract class Pizza {
String name;
String dough;
String sauce;
ArrayList<String> toppings = new ArrayList<String>();
void prepare() {
System.out.println("Prepare " + name);
System.out.println("Tossing dough...");
System.out.println("Adding sauce...");
System.out.println("Adding toppings: ");
for (String topping : toppings) {
System.out.println(" " + topping);
}
}
void bake() {
System.out.println("Bake for 25 minutes at 350");
}
void cut() {
System.out.println("Cut the pizza into diagonal slices");
}
void box() {
System.out.println("Place pizza in official PizzaStore box");
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public String toString() {
StringBuffer display = new StringBuffer();
display.append("---- " + name + " ----\n");
display.append(dough + "\n");
display.append(sauce + "\n");
for (String topping : toppings) {
display.append(topping + "\n");
}
return display.toString();
}
}
(3)具体的披萨店子类
public class NYPizzaStore extends PizzaStore {
Pizza createPizza(String item) {
if (item.equals("cheese")) {
return new NYStyleCheesePizza();
} else if (item.equals("veggie")) {
return new NYStyleVeggiePizza();
} else if (item.equals("clam")) {
return new NYStyleClamPizza();
} else if (item.equals("pepperoni")) {
return new NYStylePepperoniPizza();
} else return null;
}
}
public class ChicagoPizzaStore extends PizzaStore {
Pizza createPizza(String item) {
if (item.equals("cheese")) {
return new ChicagoStyleCheesePizza();
} else if (item.equals("veggie")) {
return new ChicagoStyleVeggiePizza();
} else if (item.equals("clam")) {
return new ChicagoStyleClamPizza();
} else if (item.equals("pepperoni")) {
return new ChicagoStylePepperoniPizza();
} else return null;
}
}
(4)具体的披萨子类
①纽约分店风格
public class NYStyleCheesePizza extends Pizza {
public NYStyleCheesePizza() {
name = "NY Style Sauce and Cheese Pizza";
dough = "Thin Crust Dough";
sauce = "Marinara Sauce";
toppings.add("Grated Reggiano Cheese");
}
}
public class NYStyleClamPizza extends Pizza {
public NYStyleClamPizza() {
name = "NY Style Clam Pizza";
dough = "Thin Crust Dough";
sauce = "Marinara Sauce";
toppings.add("Grated Reggiano Cheese");
toppings.add("Fresh Clams from Long Island Sound");
}
}
public class NYStylePepperoniPizza extends Pizza {
public NYStylePepperoniPizza() {
name = "NY Style Pepperoni Pizza";
dough = "Thin Crust Dough";
sauce = "Marinara Sauce";
toppings.add("Grated Reggiano Cheese");
toppings.add("Sliced Pepperoni");
toppings.add("Garlic");
toppings.add("Onion");
toppings.add("Mushrooms");
toppings.add("Red Pepper");
}
}
public class NYStyleVeggiePizza extends Pizza {
public NYStyleVeggiePizza() {
name = "NY Style Veggie Pizza";
dough = "Thin Crust Dough";
sauce = "Marinara Sauce";
toppings.add("Grated Reggiano Cheese");
toppings.add("Garlic");
toppings.add("Onion");
toppings.add("Mushrooms");
toppings.add("Red Pepper");
}
}
②芝加哥分店风格
public class ChicagoStyleCheesePizza extends Pizza {
public ChicagoStyleCheesePizza() {
name = "Chicago Style Deep Dish Cheese Pizza";
dough = "Extra Thick Crust Dough";
sauce = "Plum Tomato Sauce";
toppings.add("Shredded Mozzarella Cheese");
}
void cut() {
System.out.println("Cutting the pizza into square slices");
}
}
public class ChicagoStyleClamPizza extends Pizza {
public ChicagoStyleClamPizza() {
name = "Chicago Style Clam Pizza";
dough = "Extra Thick Crust Dough";
sauce = "Plum Tomato Sauce";
toppings.add("Shredded Mozzarella Cheese");
toppings.add("Frozen Clams from Chesapeake Bay");
}
void cut() {
System.out.println("Cutting the pizza into square slices");
}
}
public class ChicagoStylePepperoniPizza extends Pizza {
public ChicagoStylePepperoniPizza() {
name = "Chicago Style Pepperoni Pizza";
dough = "Extra Thick Crust Dough";
sauce = "Plum Tomato Sauce";
toppings.add("Shredded Mozzarella Cheese");
toppings.add("Black Olives");
toppings.add("Spinach");
toppings.add("Eggplant");
toppings.add("Sliced Pepperoni");
}
void cut() {
System.out.println("Cutting the pizza into square slices");
}
}
public class ChicagoStyleVeggiePizza extends Pizza {
public ChicagoStyleVeggiePizza() {
name = "Chicago Deep Dish Veggie Pizza";
dough = "Extra Thick Crust Dough";
sauce = "Plum Tomato Sauce";
toppings.add("Shredded Mozzarella Cheese");
toppings.add("Black Olives");
toppings.add("Spinach");
toppings.add("Eggplant");
}
void cut() {
System.out.println("Cutting the pizza into square slices");
}
}
(5)测试
public class PizzaTestDrive {
public static void main(String[] args) {
PizzaStore nyStore = new NYPizzaStore();
PizzaStore chicagoStore = new ChicagoPizzaStore();
Pizza pizza = nyStore.orderPizza("cheese");
System.out.println("Ethan ordered a " + pizza.getName() + "\n");
pizza = chicagoStore.orderPizza("cheese");
System.out.println("Joel ordered a " + pizza.getName() + "\n");
pizza = nyStore.orderPizza("clam");
System.out.println("Ethan ordered a " + pizza.getName() + "\n");
pizza = chicagoStore.orderPizza("clam");
System.out.println("Joel ordered a " + pizza.getName() + "\n");
}
}
运行结果:
三、抽象工厂模式
1、定义:提供一个创建一系列相关或相互依赖对象的接口,而无须指定它们具体的类。抽象工厂模式又称为Kit模式,属于对象创建型模式。抽象工厂模式中存在四种角色,分别是抽象工厂角色,具体工厂角色,抽象产品角色,具体产品角色。其UML结构图如下所示:
2、功能:主要功能是它能够隔离要生成的具体产品类, 由于这些类的实际类名被隐藏在工厂内部,因此客户端根本不需要关心如何对它们进行实例化的细节。每种设计模式都是针对特定问题的解决方案,而抽象工厂模式面临的问题则是当涉及到有多个产品等级结构寸,如何更好地进行软件体系结构的设计。
3、优缺点
(1)优点:
- 分离了具体的类。客户通过抽象接口操纵实例,产品的类名也在具体工厂的实现中被分离,它们不出现在客户代码中。
- 易于交换产品系列。一个具体工厂类只在初始化时出现一次,这使得改变一个应用的具体工厂变得很容易,只需改变具体的工厂即可使用不同的产品配置。
- 有利于产品的一致性。当一个系列的产品对象被设计成一起工作时,一个应用一次只能使用同一个系列中的对象,这一点很重要,而抽象工厂很容易实现这一点。
(2)缺点:难以支持新种类的产品。因为抽象工厂接口确定了可以被创建的产品集合,所以难以扩展抽象工厂以生产新种类的产品。
4、适用场景
-
一个系统要由多个产品系列中的一个来配置时。
-
需要强调一系列相关的产品对象的设计以便进行联合使用时。
-
提供一个产品类库,而只想显示它们的接口而不是实现时。
5、实现
下面就以披萨连锁店为例使用工厂方法模式。UML结构图如下:
(1)披萨原料工厂接口
public interface PizzaIngredientFactory {
public Dough createDough();
public Sauce createSauce();
public Cheese createCheese();
public Veggies[] createVeggies();
public Pepperoni createPepperoni();
public Clams createClam();
}
(2)披萨原料接口
public interface Dough {
public String toString();
}
public interface Sauce {
public String toString();
}
public interface Cheese {
public String toString();
}
public interface Veggies {
public String toString();
}
public interface Pepperoni {
public String toString();
}
public interface Clams {
public String toString();
}
(3)披萨店抽象类
public abstract class PizzaStore {
protected abstract Pizza createPizza(String item);
public Pizza orderPizza(String type) {
Pizza pizza = createPizza(type);
System.out.println("--- Making a " + pizza.getName() + " ---");
pizza.prepare();
pizza.bake();
pizza.cut();
pizza.box();
return pizza;
}
}
(4)具体的披萨店子类
public class NYPizzaStore extends PizzaStore {
protected Pizza createPizza(String item) {
Pizza pizza = null;
PizzaIngredientFactory ingredientFactory =
new NYPizzaIngredientFactory();
if (item.equals("cheese")) {
pizza = new CheesePizza(ingredientFactory);
pizza.setName("New York Style Cheese Pizza");
} else if (item.equals("veggie")) {
pizza = new VeggiePizza(ingredientFactory);
pizza.setName("New York Style Veggie Pizza");
} else if (item.equals("clam")) {
pizza = new ClamPizza(ingredientFactory);
pizza.setName("New York Style Clam Pizza");
} else if (item.equals("pepperoni")) {
pizza = new PepperoniPizza(ingredientFactory);
pizza.setName("New York Style Pepperoni Pizza");
}
return pizza;
}
}
public class ChicagoPizzaStore extends PizzaStore {
protected Pizza createPizza(String item) {
Pizza pizza = null;
PizzaIngredientFactory ingredientFactory =
new ChicagoPizzaIngredientFactory();
if (item.equals("cheese")) {
pizza = new CheesePizza(ingredientFactory);
pizza.setName("Chicago Style Cheese Pizza");
} else if (item.equals("veggie")) {
pizza = new VeggiePizza(ingredientFactory);
pizza.setName("Chicago Style Veggie Pizza");
} else if (item.equals("clam")) {
pizza = new ClamPizza(ingredientFactory);
pizza.setName("Chicago Style Clam Pizza");
} else if (item.equals("pepperoni")) {
pizza = new PepperoniPizza(ingredientFactory);
pizza.setName("Chicago Style Pepperoni Pizza");
}
return pizza;
}
}
(5)具体的披萨原料工厂
public class NYPizzaIngredientFactory implements PizzaIngredientFactory {
public Dough createDough() {
return new ThinCrustDough();
}
public Sauce createSauce() {
return new MarinaraSauce();
}
public Cheese createCheese() {
return new ReggianoCheese();
}
public Veggies[] createVeggies() {
Veggies veggies[] = { new Garlic(), new Onion(), new Mushroom(), new RedPepper() };
return veggies;
}
public Pepperoni createPepperoni() {
return new SlicedPepperoni();
}
public Clams createClam() {
return new FreshClams();
}
}
public class ChicagoPizzaIngredientFactory implements PizzaIngredientFactory {
public Dough createDough() {
return new ThickCrustDough();
}
public Sauce createSauce() {
return new PlumTomatoSauce();
}
public Cheese createCheese() {
return new MozzarellaCheese();
}
public Veggies[] createVeggies() {
Veggies veggies[] = { new BlackOlives(),
new Spinach(),
new Eggplant() };
return veggies;
}
public Pepperoni createPepperoni() {
return new SlicedPepperoni();
}
public Clams createClam() {
return new FrozenClams();
}
}
(5)具体的披萨原料类
①dough
public class ThickCrustDough implements Dough {
public String toString() {
return "ThickCrust style extra thick crust dough";
}
}
public class ThinCrustDough implements Dough {
public String toString() {
return "Thin Crust Dough";
}
}
②sauce
public class PlumTomatoSauce implements Sauce {
public String toString() {
return "Tomato sauce with plum tomatoes";
}
}
public class MarinaraSauce implements Sauce {
public String toString() {
return "Marinara Sauce";
}
}
③cheese
public class MozzarellaCheese implements Cheese {
public String toString() {
return "Shredded Mozzarella";
}
}
public class ReggianoCheese implements Cheese {
public String toString() {
return "Reggiano Cheese";
}
}
public class ParmesanCheese implements Cheese {
public String toString() {
return "Shredded Parmesan";
}
}
④veggies
public class BlackOlives implements Veggies {
public String toString() {
return "Black Olives";
}
}
public class Garlic implements Veggies {
public String toString() {
return "Garlic";
}
}
public class Eggplant implements Veggies {
public String toString() {
return "Eggplant";
}
}
public class Mushroom implements Veggies {
public String toString() {
return "Mushrooms";
}
}
public class Onion implements Veggies {
public String toString() {
return "Onion";
}
}
public class RedPepper implements Veggies {
public String toString() {
return "Red Pepper";
}
}
public class Spinach implements Veggies {
public String toString() {
return "Spinach";
}
}
⑤pepproni
public class SlicedPepperoni implements Pepperoni {
public String toString() {
return "Sliced Pepperoni";
}
}
⑥clams
public class FreshClams implements Clams {
public String toString() {
return "Fresh Clams from Long Island Sound";
}
}
public class FrozenClams implements Clams {
public String toString() {
return "Frozen Clams from Chesapeake Bay";
}
}
(6)披萨抽象类
public abstract class Pizza {
String name;
Dough dough;
Sauce sauce;
Veggies veggies[];
Cheese cheese;
Pepperoni pepperoni;
Clams clam;
abstract void prepare();
void bake() {
System.out.println("Bake for 25 minutes at 350");
}
void cut() {
System.out.println("Cutting the pizza into diagonal slices");
}
void box() {
System.out.println("Place pizza in official PizzaStore box");
}
void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
String getName() {
return name;
}
public String toString() {
StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();
result.append("---- " + name + " ----\n");
if (dough != null) {
result.append(dough);
result.append("\n");
}
if (sauce != null) {
result.append(sauce);
result.append("\n");
}
if (cheese != null) {
result.append(cheese);
result.append("\n");
}
if (veggies != null) {
for (int i = 0; i < veggies.length; i++) {
result.append(veggies[i]);
if (i < veggies.length-1) {
result.append(", ");
}
}
result.append("\n");
}
if (clam != null) {
result.append(clam);
result.append("\n");
}
if (pepperoni != null) {
result.append(pepperoni);
result.append("\n");
}
return result.toString();
}
}
(7)具体的披萨子类
public class CheesePizza extends Pizza {
PizzaIngredientFactory ingredientFactory;
public CheesePizza(PizzaIngredientFactory ingredientFactory) {
this.ingredientFactory = ingredientFactory;
}
void prepare() {
System.out.println("Preparing " + name);
dough = ingredientFactory.createDough();
sauce = ingredientFactory.createSauce();
cheese = ingredientFactory.createCheese();
}
}
public class ClamPizza extends Pizza {
PizzaIngredientFactory ingredientFactory;
public ClamPizza(PizzaIngredientFactory ingredientFactory) {
this.ingredientFactory = ingredientFactory;
}
void prepare() {
System.out.println("Preparing " + name);
dough = ingredientFactory.createDough();
sauce = ingredientFactory.createSauce();
cheese = ingredientFactory.createCheese();
clam = ingredientFactory.createClam();
}
}
public class PepperoniPizza extends Pizza {
PizzaIngredientFactory ingredientFactory;
public PepperoniPizza(PizzaIngredientFactory ingredientFactory) {
this.ingredientFactory = ingredientFactory;
}
void prepare() {
System.out.println("Preparing " + name);
dough = ingredientFactory.createDough();
sauce = ingredientFactory.createSauce();
cheese = ingredientFactory.createCheese();
veggies = ingredientFactory.createVeggies();
pepperoni = ingredientFactory.createPepperoni();
}
}
public class VeggiePizza extends Pizza {
PizzaIngredientFactory ingredientFactory;
public VeggiePizza(PizzaIngredientFactory ingredientFactory) {
this.ingredientFactory = ingredientFactory;
}
void prepare() {
System.out.println("Preparing " + name);
dough = ingredientFactory.createDough();
sauce = ingredientFactory.createSauce();
cheese = ingredientFactory.createCheese();
veggies = ingredientFactory.createVeggies();
}
}
(8)测试
public class PizzaTestDrive {
public static void main(String[] args) {
PizzaStore nyStore = new NYPizzaStore();
PizzaStore chicagoStore = new ChicagoPizzaStore();
Pizza pizza = nyStore.orderPizza("cheese");
System.out.println("Ethan ordered a " + pizza + "\n");
pizza = chicagoStore.orderPizza("cheese");
System.out.println("Joel ordered a " + pizza + "\n");
pizza = nyStore.orderPizza("clam");
System.out.println("Ethan ordered a " + pizza + "\n");
pizza = chicagoStore.orderPizza("clam");
System.out.println("Joel ordered a " + pizza + "\n");
}
}
运行结果:
四、总结
1、三种工厂模式的简单对比
- 简单工厂模式 :用来生产同一等级结构中的任意产品。(对于增加新的产品,需要修改已 有代码)
- 工厂方法模式 :用来生产同一等级结构中的固定产品。(支持增加任意产品)
- 抽象工厂模式 :用来生产不同产品族的全部产品。(对于增加新的产品,无能为力;支持 增加产品族)
2、工厂方法模式和抽象工厂模式的核心区别
- 工厂方法模式利用继承,抽象工厂模式利用组合
- 工厂方法模式产生一个对象,抽象工厂模式产生一族对象
- 工厂方法模式利用子类创造对象,抽象工厂模式利用接口的实现创造对象