注意:红色都是重点题目
一、二分查找
二、基础排序
2.1 直接插入排序
void insert_sort(int q[], int len) {
for (int i = 1; i < len; i++)
if (q[i] < q[i - 1]) {
int tmp = q[i], j;
for (j = i - 1; j >= 0 && q[j] > q[i]; j--)
q[j + 1] = q[j];
q[j + 1] = tmp;
}
}
2.2 希尔排序(考察过读代码)
void shell_sort(int q[], int n) {
int d = 1;
while (d < n / 3) d = d * 3 + 1;
while (d > 0) {
for (int i = d; i < n; i++) {
int tmp = q[i], j = i;
while (j >= d && q[j - d] > tmp)
q[j] = q[j - d], j -= d;
q[j] = tmp;
}
d /= 3;
}
}
2.3 冒泡排序
void bobble_sort(int q[], int n) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
bool flag = false;
for (int j = n - 1; j > i; j--)
if (q[j - 1] > q[j]) {
flag = true;
int tmp = q[j - 1];
q[j - 1] = q[j];
q[j] = tmp;
}
if (!flag) return;
}
}
2.4 快速排序
void quick_sort(int q[], int l, int r) {
if (l >= r) return;
int i = l - 1, j = r + 1, x = q[(l + r) >> 1];
while (i < j) {
do i++; while (q[i] < x);
do j--; while (q[j] > x);
if (i < j) {
int tmp = q[i];
q[i] = q[j], q[j] = tmp;
}
}
quick_sort(q, l, j);
quick_sort(q, j + 1, r);
}
2.4.1 查找数组中第 k 大的数
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
const int N = 1e5 + 10;
int n, k, a[N];
int quick_sort(int q[], int l, int r, int k) {
if (l >= r) return q[l];
int i = l - 1, j = r + 1, x = q[(l + r) >> 1];
while (i < j) {
do i++; while (q[i] < x);
do j--; while (q[j] > x);
if (i < j) {
int tmp = q[i];
q[i] = q[j], q[j] = tmp;
}
}
if (j - l + 1 >= k) quick_sort(q, l, j, k);
else quick_sort(q, j + 1, r, k - (j - l + 1));
}
int main() {
scanf("%d%d", &n, &k);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) scanf("%d", a + i);
printf("%d\n", quick_sort(a, 0, n - 1, k));
return 0;
}
2.4 2 按奇偶排序
不知道 l e e t c o d e leetcode leetcode 上为什么会报错
class Solution {
public:
vector<int> sortArrayByParity(vector<int>& nums) {
int i = -1, j = nums.size();
while (i < j) {
do i ++ ; while (nums[i] % 2 == 0);
do j -- ; while (nums[j] % 2 != 0);
if (i < j) swap(nums[i], nums[j]);
}
return nums;
}
};
2.5 简单选择排序
void select_sort(int q[], int n) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
int min = i;
for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++)
if (q[j] < q[min])
min = j;
if (min != i) swap(q[min], q[i]);
}
}
2.6 堆排序
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
const int N = 1e5 + 10;
int n, m;
int h[N], cnt;
void up(int u) {
while (u / 2 && h[u / 2] > h[u])
swap(h[u / 2], h[u]), u /= 2;
}
void down(int u) {
int t = u;
if (u * 2 <= cnt && h[u * 2] < h[t]) t = u * 2;
if (u * 2 + 1 <= cnt && h[u * 2 + 1] < h[t]) t = u * 2 + 1;
if (u != t) swap(h[u], h[t]), down(t);
}
int main() {
scanf("%d%d", &n, &m);
cnt = n;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) scanf("%d", h + i);
for (int i = n / 2; i; i--) down(i); // 建堆
while (m--) {
printf("%d ", h[1]);
h[1] = h[cnt];
cnt--;
down(1);
}
return 0;
}
2.7 归并排序
// 数组版本
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
const int N = 1e5 + 10;
int n, nums[N], tmp[N];
void merge_sort(int q[], int l, int r) {
if (l >= r) return;
int mid = (l + r) >> 1;
merge_sort(q, l, mid), merge_sort(q, mid + 1, r);
int k = 0, i = l, j = mid + 1;
while (i <= mid && j <= r)
if (q[i] <= q[j]) tmp[k++] = q[i++];
else tmp[k++] = q[j++];
while (i <= mid) tmp[k++] = q[i++];
while (j <= r) tmp[k++] = q[j++];
for (int i = l, j = 0; i <= r; i++, j++) q[i] = tmp[j];
}
int main() {
scanf("%d", &n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) scanf("%d", nums + i);
merge_sort(nums, 0, n - 1);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) printf("%d ", nums[i]);
puts("");
return 0;
}
// 不带头结点的链表版本(早年考过)
LNode *merge_sort(LNode *head) {
if (!head || !head->next) return head; // 只有一个结点
LNode *fast = head->next, *slow = head;
while (fast && fast->next) fast = fast->next->next, slow = slow->next;
LNode *tmp = slow->next;
slow->next = nullptr;
LNode *left = merge_sort(head), *right = merge_sort(tmp);
LNode *h = new LNode(0);
LNode *res = h;
while (left && right) {
if (left->val < right->val) h->next = left, left = left->next;
else h->next = right, right = right->next;
h = h->next;
}
h->next = left != nullptr ? left : right; // 将剩余结点插入
return res->next;
}
2.7.1 寻找逆序对
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
typedef long long LL;
const int N = 5e5 + 10;
int n;
LL q[N], tmp[N];
LL merge_sort(int l, int r) {
if (l >= r) return 0;
int mid = (l + r) >> 1;
LL res = merge_sort(l, mid) + merge_sort(mid + 1, r);
int i = l, j = mid + 1, k = 0;
while (i <= mid && j <= r)
if (q[i] <= q[j]) tmp[k++] = q[i++];
else {
res += mid - i + 1;
tmp[k++] = q[j++];
}
while (i <= mid) tmp[k++] = q[i++];
while (j <= r) tmp[k++] = q[j++];
for (int i = l, j = 0; i <= r; i++, j++) q[i] = tmp[j];
return res;
}
int main() {
while (scanf("%d", &n), n) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) scanf("%d", q + i);
printf("%lld\n", merge_sort(0, n - 1));
}
return 0;
}
三、KMP
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
const int N = 1e5 + 10, M = 1e6 + 10;
int n, m;
char p[N], s[M];
int ne[N];
int main() {
scanf("%d%s%d%s", &n, p + 1, &m, s + 1);
for (int i = 2, j = 0; i <= n; i++) {
while (j && p[i] != p[j + 1]) j = ne[j];
if (p[i] == p[j + 1]) j++;
ne[i] = j;
}
for (int i = 1, j = 0; i <= m; i++) {
while (j && s[i] != p[j + 1]) j = ne[j];
if (s[i] == p[j + 1]) j++;
if (j == n) {
printf("%d ", i - n);
j = ne[j];
}
}
puts("");
return 0;
}
四、双指针经典问题
4.1 最长连续不重复子序列
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
const int N = 1e5 + 10;
int n;
int q[N], s[N]; // q存储元素,s记录元素q[i]出现次数
int main() {
scanf("%d", &n);
int res = 0;
for (int i = 0, j = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", q + i);
s[q[i]]++;
while (s[q[i]] > 1) s[q[j++]]--;
res = max(res, i - j + 1);
}
printf("%d\n", res);
return 0;
}
4.2 数组元素的目标和
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
const int N = 1e5 + 10;
int n, m, x;
int a[N], b[N];
int main() {
scanf("%d%d%d", &n, &m, &x);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) scanf("%d", a + i);
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) scanf("%d", b + i);
for (int i = 0, j = m - 1; i < n; i++) {
while (j && a[i] + b[j] > x) j--;
if (j && a[i] + b[j] == x) printf("%d %d\n", i, j);
}
return 0;
}
4.3 判断子序列
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
const int N = 1e5 + 10;
int n, m;
int a[N], b[N];
int main() {
scanf("%d%d", &n, &m);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) scanf("%d", a + i);
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) scanf("%d", b + i);
int i = 0, j = 0;
while (i < n && j < m) {
if (a[i] == b[j]) i++;
j++;
}
i == n ? puts("Yes") : puts("No");
return 0;
}
4.4 颜色分类(荷兰旗问题)
class Solution {
public:
void sortColors(vector<int> &nums) {
for (int i = 0, j = 0, k = nums.size() - 1; i <= k;) {
if (!nums[i]) swap(nums[i++], nums[j++]);
else if (nums[i] == 2) swap(nums[i], nums[k--]);
else i++;
}
}
};
4.5 最小面积子矩阵
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
const int N = 110, INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
int n, m, k;
int s[N][N];
int main() {
scanf("%d%d%d", &n, &m, &k);
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
for (int j = 1; j <= m; j++) {
scanf("%d", &s[i][j]);
s[i][j] += s[i - 1][j];
}
int res = INF;
for (int x = 1; x <= n; x++)
for (int y = x; y <= n; y++)
for (int i = 1, j = 1, sum = 0; i <= m; i++) {
sum += s[y][i] - s[x - 1][i];
while (sum - (s[y][j] - s[x - 1][j]) >= k)
sum -= s[y][j] - s[x - 1][j], j++;
if (sum >= k) res = min(res, (y - x + 1) * (i - j + 1));
}
res == INF ? puts("-1") : printf("%d\n", res);
return 0;
}
4.6 连续子数组的最大和
class Solution {
public:
int maxSubArray(vector<int> &nums) {
int res = INT_MIN, last = 0;
for (auto x: nums) {
last = max(last, 0) + x;
res = max(res, last);
}
return res;
}
};
4.7 最大的和
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <climits>
using namespace std;
const int N = 110;
int n, g[N][N];
int main() {
scanf("%d", &n);
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
for (int j = 1; j <= n; j++) {
scanf("%d", &g[i][j]);
g[i][j] += g[i - 1][j];
}
int res = INT_MIN;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
for (int j = i; j <= n; j++) {
int last = 0;
for (int k = 1; k <= n; k++) {
last = max(last, 0) + g[j][k] - g[i - 1][k];
res = max(res, last);
}
}
printf("%d\n", res);
return 0;
}
五、并查集(简单应用)
5.1 合并集合
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
const int N = 1e5 + 10;
int n, m, p[N];
int find(int x) {
if (p[x] != x) p[x] = find(p[x]);
return p[x];
}
int main() {
scanf("%d%d", &n, &m);
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) p[i] = i;
while (m--) {
char op[2];
int a, b;
scanf("%s%d%d", op, &a, &b);
int pa = find(a), pb = find(b);
if (*op == 'M') p[pa] = pb;
else pa == pb ? puts("Yes") : puts("No");
}
return 0;
}
5.2 格子游戏
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
const int N = 40010;
int n, m, p[N];
int get(int x, int y) {
return x * n + y;
}
int find(int x) {
if (p[x] != x) p[x] = find(p[x]);
return p[x];
}
int main() {
scanf("%d%d", &n, &m);
for (int i = 0; i < n * n; i++) p[i] = i;
for (int i = 1; i <= m; i++) {
int x, y;
char d[2];
scanf("%d%d%s", &x, &y, d);
x--, y--;
int a = get(x, y), b;
if (*d == 'D') b = get(x + 1, y);
else b = get(x, y + 1);
int pa = find(a), pb = find(b);
if (pa == pb) {
printf("%d\n", i);
return 0;
}
p[pa] = b;
}
puts("draw");
return 0;
}
5.3 连通块中结点个数
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
const int N = 1e5 + 10;
int n, m;
int p[N], cnt[N];
int find(int x) {
if (p[x] != x) p[x] = find(p[x]);
return p[x];
}
int main() {
scanf("%d%d", &n, &m);
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) p[i] = i, cnt[i] = 1;
while (m--) {
char op[5];
int a, b;
scanf("%s", op);
if (*op == 'C') {
scanf("%d%d", &a, &b);
int pa = find(a), pb = find(b);
if (pa == pb) continue;
cnt[pb] += cnt[pa];
p[pa] = pb;
} else if (op[1] == '1') {
scanf("%d%d", &a, &b);
find(a) == find(b) ? puts("Yes") : puts("No");
} else {
scanf("%d", &a);
printf("%d\n", cnt[find(a)]);
}
}
return 0;
}
六、字符串哈希
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
typedef unsigned long long ULL;
const int N = 1e5 + 10, P = 131;
int n, m;
char str[N];
ULL h[N], p[N];
ULL get(int l, int r) {
return h[r] - h[l - 1] * p[r - l + 1];
}
int main() {
scanf("%d%d%s", &n, &m, str + 1);
p[0] = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
p[i] = p[i - 1] * P;
h[i] = h[i - 1] * P + str[i];
}
while (m--) {
int l1, r1, l2, r2;
scanf("%d%d%d%d", &l1, &r1, &l2, &r2);
get(l1, r1) == get(l2, r2) ? puts("Yes") : puts("No");
}
return 0;
}
七、基本数据结构实现
7.1 单链表
#include <cstdio>
using namespace std;
const int N = 1e5 + 10;
// head 表示头结点
// e[i] 表示结点 i 的值
// ne[i] 表示结点 i 的 next 指针是多少
// idx 存储当前已经用到了哪个结点
int head, e[N], ne[N], idx;
void init() { head = -1, idx = 0; }
// 将x插到头结点
void add_to_head(int x) { e[idx] = x, ne[idx] = head, head = idx++; }
// 将x插到下标是k的结点后面
void add(int k, int x) { e[idx] = x, ne[idx] = ne[k], ne[k] = idx++; }
// 将下标是k的结点后面的结点删除
void remove(int k) { ne[k] = ne[ne[k]]; }
int main() {
int m;
scanf("%d", &m);
init();
while (m--) {
int k, x;
char op[2];
scanf("%s", op);
if (*op == 'H') {
scanf("%d", &x);
add_to_head(x);
} else if (*op == 'D') {
scanf("%d", &k);
if (!k) head = ne[head];
else remove(k - 1);
} else {
scanf("%d%d", &k, &x);
add(k - 1, x);
}
}
for (int i = head; i != -1; i = ne[i]) printf("%d ", e[i]);
puts("");
return 0;
}
7.3 散列表
拉链法模拟
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
const int N = 1e5 + 3;
int h[N], e[N], ne[N], idx;
void insert(int x) {
int k = (x % N + N) % N;
e[idx] = x, ne[idx] = h[k], h[k] = idx++;
}
bool find(int x) {
int k = (x % N + N) % N;
for (int i = h[k]; i != -1; i = ne[i])
if (e[i] == x) return true;
return false;
}
int main() {
int n;
scanf("%d", &n);
memset(h, -1, sizeof h);
while (n--) {
char op[2];
int x;
scanf("%s%d", op, &x);
if (*op == 'I') insert(x);
else find(x) ? puts("Yes") : puts("No");
}
return 0;
}
开放地址法模拟
f i n d ( ) find(\ ) find( ) 函数的作用:如果数组中存在查找的值,返回查找的地址,如果不存在,该地址即为插入数值的地址。
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
const int N = 2e5 + 3, null = 0x3f3f3f3f;
int h[N];
int find(int x) {
int k = (x % N + N) % N;
while (h[k] != null && h[k] != x) {
k++;
if (k == N) k = 0;
}
return k;
}
int main() {
int n;
scanf("%d", &n);
memset(h, 0x3f, sizeof h);
while (n--) {
char op[2];
int x;
scanf("%s%d", op, &x);
int k = find(x);
if (*op == 'I') h[k] = x;
else h[k] != null ? puts("Yes") : puts("No");
}
return 0;
}
八、单调栈与单调队列简单应用
8.1 找出序列中每个数左边第一个比它小的数
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm
using namespace std;
const int N = 1e5 + 10;
int stk[N], tt;
int main() {
int n;
scanf("%d", &n);
while (n--) {
int x;
scanf("%d", &x);
while (tt && stk[tt] >= x) tt--;
if (!tt) printf("-1 ");
else printf("%d ", stk[tt]);
stk[++tt] = x;
}
return 0;
}
8.2 滑动窗口
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
const int N = 1e6 + 10;
int n, k;
int a[N], q[N]; // q是队列(队列里面存储的是元素的下标)
int main() {
scanf("%d%d", &n, &k);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) scanf("%d", a + i);
int hh = 0, tt = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (hh <= tt && i - k + 1 > q[hh]) hh++;
while (hh <= tt && a[q[tt]] >= a[i]) tt--;
q[++tt] = i;
if (i - k + 1 >= 0) printf("%d ", a[q[hh]]);
}
puts("");
hh = 0, tt = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (hh <= tt && i - k + 1 > q[hh]) hh++;
while (hh <= tt && a[q[tt]] <= a[i]) tt--;
q[++tt] = i;
if (i - k + 1 >= 0) printf("%d ", a[q[hh]]);
}
puts("");
return 0;
}