C++ Primer 学习笔记第一章

C++ Primer 学习笔记第一章

本章收获如下：

• 了解了C++的基本语法
• 学会如何定义一个main函数
• main函数一般定义为int类型，它的返回可以表示报错信息
• C++中基本特性——类

• 如何去使用定义好的类

  值得记下来的习题有1.20，1.22，1.23（1.25），习题内容如下：

• 1.20：在网站（书上提供）上，第一章的代码目录中包含了头文件Sales_item.h。将它拷贝到你自己的工作目录中。用它编写一个程序，读取一组书籍销售记录，将每条记录打印到标准输出上。

• 1.22：编写程序，读取多个具有相同ISBN的销售记录，输出其所有记录的和。
• 1.23：编写程序，读取多条销售记录，并统计每个ISBN有几条销售记录。

1.23的程序有需要改进的地方，当两条相同ISBN号的数据如下0-201-70353-X不在一起的时候，输出数据不会合并成一条，在完成算法的学习后会来完善。
输入

0-201-70353-X 4 24.99
0-201-82470-1 4 45.39
0-201-88954-4 2 15.00 
0-201-88954-4 5 12.00 
0-201-88954-4 7 12.00 
0-201-88954-4 2 12.00 
0-399-82477-1 2 45.39
0-399-82477-1 3 45.39
0-201-78345-X 3 20.00
0-201-78345-X 2 25.00
0-201-70353-X 4 24.99

输出

0-201-70353-X 4 99.96 24.99
0-201-82470-1 4 181.56 45.39
0-201-88954-4 16 198 12.375
0-399-82477-1 5 226.95 45.39
0-201-78345-X 5 110 22
0-201-70353-X 4 99.96 24.99

习题需要用到头文件Sales_item.h和iostream标准库。

Sales_item.h内容

/*
 * This file contains code from "C++ Primer, Fifth Edition", by Stanley B.
 * Lippman, Josee Lajoie, and Barbara E. Moo, and is covered under the
 * copyright and warranty notices given in that book:
 * 
 * "Copyright (c) 2013 by Objectwrite, Inc., Josee Lajoie, and Barbara E. Moo."
 * 
 * 
 * "The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book,
 * but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no
 * responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for
 * incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the
 * use of the information or programs contained herein."
 * 
 * Permission is granted for this code to be used for educational purposes in
 * association with the book, given proper citation if and when posted or
 * reproduced.Any commercial use of this code requires the explicit written
 * permission of the publisher, Addison-Wesley Professional, a division of
 * Pearson Education, Inc. Send your request for permission, stating clearly
 * what code you would like to use, and in what specific way, to the following
 * address: 
 * 
 *     Pearson Education, Inc.
 *     Rights and Permissions Department
 *     One Lake Street
 *     Upper Saddle River, NJ  07458
 *     Fax: (201) 236-3290
*/ 

/* This file defines the Sales_item class used in chapter 1.
 * The code used in this file will be explained in 
 * Chapter 7 (Classes) and Chapter 14 (Overloaded Operators)
 * Readers shouldn't try to understand the code in this file
 * until they have read those chapters.
*/

#ifndef SALESITEM_H
// we're here only if SALESITEM_H has not yet been defined 
#define SALESITEM_H

//#include "Version_test.h" 

// Definition of Sales_item class and related functions goes here
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

class Sales_item {
// these declarations are explained section 7.2.1, p. 270 
// and in chapter 14, pages 557, 558, 561
friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream&, Sales_item&);
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const Sales_item&);
friend bool operator<(const Sales_item&, const Sales_item&);
friend bool 
operator==(const Sales_item&, const Sales_item&);
public:
    // constructors are explained in section 7.1.4, pages 262 - 265
    // default constructor needed to initialize members of built-in type
#if defined(IN_CLASS_INITS) && defined(DEFAULT_FCNS)
    Sales_item() = default;
#else
    Sales_item(): units_sold(0), revenue(0.0) { }
#endif
    Sales_item(const std::string &book):
              bookNo(book), units_sold(0), revenue(0.0) { }
    Sales_item(std::istream &is) { is >> *this; }
public:
    // operations on Sales_item objects
    // member binary operator: left-hand operand bound to implicit this pointer
    Sales_item& operator+=(const Sales_item&);

    // operations on Sales_item objects
    std::string isbn() const { return bookNo; }
    double avg_price() const;
// private members as before
private:
    std::string bookNo;      // implicitly initialized to the empty string
#ifdef IN_CLASS_INITS
    unsigned units_sold = 0; // explicitly initialized
    double revenue = 0.0;
#else
    unsigned units_sold;  
    double revenue;       
#endif
};

// used in chapter 10
inline
bool compareIsbn(const Sales_item &lhs, const Sales_item &rhs) 
{ return lhs.isbn() == rhs.isbn(); }

// nonmember binary operator: must declare a parameter for each operand
Sales_item operator+(const Sales_item&, const Sales_item&);

inline bool 
operator==(const Sales_item &lhs, const Sales_item &rhs)
{
    // must be made a friend of Sales_item
    return lhs.units_sold == rhs.units_sold &&
           lhs.revenue == rhs.revenue &&
           lhs.isbn() == rhs.isbn();
}

inline bool 
operator!=(const Sales_item &lhs, const Sales_item &rhs)
{
    return !(lhs == rhs); // != defined in terms of operator==
}

// assumes that both objects refer to the same ISBN
Sales_item& Sales_item::operator+=(const Sales_item& rhs) 
{
    units_sold += rhs.units_sold; 
    revenue += rhs.revenue; 
    return *this;
}

// assumes that both objects refer to the same ISBN
Sales_item 
operator+(const Sales_item& lhs, const Sales_item& rhs) 
{
    Sales_item ret(lhs);  // copy (|lhs|) into a local object that we'll return
    ret += rhs;           // add in the contents of (|rhs|) 
    return ret;           // return (|ret|) by value
}

std::istream& 
operator>>(std::istream& in, Sales_item& s)
{
    double price;
    in >> s.bookNo >> s.units_sold >> price;
    // check that the inputs succeeded
    if (in)
        s.revenue = s.units_sold * price;
    else 
        s = Sales_item();  // input failed: reset object to default state
    return in;
}

std::ostream& 
operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Sales_item& s)
{
    out << s.isbn() << " " << s.units_sold << " "
        << s.revenue << " " << s.avg_price();
    return out;
}

double Sales_item::avg_price() const
{
    if (units_sold) 
        return revenue/units_sold; 
    else 
        return 0;
}
#endif

1.20答案

#include <iostream>
#include "Sales_item.h"

int main()
{
    Sales_item book;
    std::cin >> book;
    std::cout << book << std::endl;
    system("PAUSE");
    return 0;
}

1.22答案

#include <iostream>
#include "Sales_item.h"

int main()
{
    Sales_item item1,item2;
    std::cin >> item1;
    while (std::cin >> item2)
    {
        if (item1.isbn()==item2.isbn())
        {
            item1 += item2;
            std::cout << item1 << std::endl;
        } else
        {
            std::cout << item2 << "是不同的ISBN号，不能相加。";
        }
    }
//  system("PAUSE");
    return 0;
}

1.23答案

#include <iostream>
#include "Sales_item.h"

int main()
{
    Sales_item total;
    if (std::cin >> total)
    {
        Sales_item trans;
        while (std::cin >> trans)
        {
            if (total.isbn() == trans.isbn())
                total += trans;
            else
            {
                std::cout << total << std::endl;
                total = trans;
            }
        }
        std::cout << total << std::endl;
    } else
    {
        std::cout << "No data was input!" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}