C# NutShell 第十六章 网络

地址与端口

            var a1 = new IPAddress(new byte[] { 101,102,103,104});
            var a2 = IPAddress.Parse("101.102.103.255");
            var p1 = new IPEndPoint(a1, 200);

---

URI

1.URI分为3部分，协议（schema），权限（authority），路径（path）

2.Uri类将地址看成字符串，并且将地址按照协议分开成3部分

3.文件路径也可以看成是URI（前面加上File：）

            Uri info = new Uri("http://www.baodi.com/info/");
            Console.WriteLine(info.AbsolutePath);
            Console.WriteLine(info.Host);

4.URI后面的斜杠非常重要。如果最后又斜杠，则HTTP服务器会在Web文件夹中查找info文件夹，然后返回该文件夹的默认文档

而如果没有斜杠的话，则会直接查找该文件（通常会忽略扩展名），所以不应该。

客户端类型

1.WebRequest和WebResponse是管理HTTP和FTP客户端的

2.WebClient集成了WebRequest和WebResponse的功能，更加方便了

3.HttpClient也集成了WebRequest和WebResponse的功能，针对HTTP

WebClient类

1.使用步骤

实例化WebClient对象

这是Proxy属性

如果需要验证，设置Credentials属性值

使用相应的URI调用Down或Upload方法

2.例子

WebClient wc = new WebClient();
wc.DownloadFile("http://www.albahari.com/nutshell/code.aspx", "code.html");
System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("code.html");

3.异步调用，进度报告

            WebClient wc = new WebClient();
            wc.DownloadProgressChanged += (sender, arg) =>
            {
                Console.WriteLine(arg.ProgressPercentage + "% complete");
            };
            await Task.Delay(5000).ContinueWith(ant => wc.CancelAsync());
            await wc.DownloadFileTaskAsync("https://www.oreilly.com/", "webpage.htm");

进度报告DownloadProgressChanged会获取当前下载进度。

同一个WebClient对象避免进行多个进度报告功能或者取消功能

4.WebClient对象虽然继承了IDispose对象，但是实际上并没有执行什么操作，所以可以不使用using

WebRequest和WebResponse

1.WebRequest和WebResponse比WebClient更加复杂，但是也更加灵活

2.例子

            WebRequest req = WebRequest.Create("http://www.albahari.com/nutshell/code.html");
            req.Proxy = null;
            using (WebResponse res = req.GetResponse())
            {
                using (Stream rs = res.GetResponseStream())
                {
                    using (FileStream fs = File.Create("code.html"))
                    {
                        rs.CopyTo(fs);
                    }
                }
            }

3.异步例子

        static async void Fun()
        {
            WebRequest req = WebRequest.Create("http://www.albahari.com/nutshell/code.html");
            req.Proxy = null;
            using (WebResponse res = await req.GetResponseAsync())
            {
                using (Stream rs = res.GetResponseStream())
                {
                    using (FileStream fs = File.Create("code1.html"))
                    {
                        await rs.CopyToAsync(fs);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

4.一个WebRequest不可用于多个请求

HttpClient

1.在HttpWebRequest和HttpWebResponse上提供了一层封装

2.一个HttpClient实例可以支持并发请求

3.HttpClient支持插件式的自定义消息处理器

4.HttpCLient有丰富且易于扩展的请求头部与内容类型系统

5.HttpClient不能完全替代WebClient。HttpClient不支持进度报告。不支持FTP，file协议，自定义URI模式

GetAsync方法与相应消息

            var client = new HttpClient();
            HttpResponseMessage response = await client.GetAsync("https://www.feiniaomuyu.top/api/common/connect");
            response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
            string html = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();

            string html1 = await client.GetStringAsync("https://www.feiniaomuyu.top/api/common/connect");
            Stream m = await client.GetStreamAsync("https://www.feiniaomuyu.top/api/common/connect");
            MemoryStream m2 = new MemoryStream();
            m.CopyTo(m2);

1.EnsureSuccessStatusCode调用该方法，会在返回错误时（404）抛出异常，不调用时，单纯的返回404页面

2.GetStringAsync直接得到字符串，GetStreamAsync得到一个流，可以将这个流复制到另外的流（CopyToAsync）

SendAsync方法与请求

1.与GetAsync对应的PostAsync，PutAsync，DeleteAsync

2.SendAsync是1中的基层，可以模拟1中的任何一种还有其他

            var client = new HttpClient();
            var req = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Get, "https://www.feiniaomuyu.top/api/common/connect");
            HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(req);
            response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
            string html = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();

上传数据和HttpContent

1.HttpRequestMessage.Content可以上传数据

req.Content = new StringContent("This is a test");

HttpMessageHandler

httpclient的很多属性都是在HttpClientHandler中请求的。可以设置HttpClientHandler或者它的父类HttpMessageHandler来设置HttpClient。只要将这个参数传进httpclient的构造函数就可以了

单元测试

利用Mock假装请求了一次HTTP，实际上内部处理了

    class MockHandler : HttpMessageHandler
    {
        private readonly Func<HttpRequestMessage, HttpResponseMessage> _responseGenerator;

        public MockHandler(Func<HttpRequestMessage, HttpResponseMessage> responseGenerator)
        {
            _responseGenerator = responseGenerator;
        }

        protected override Task<HttpResponseMessage> 
            SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
        {
            cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
            var response = _responseGenerator(request);
            response.RequestMessage = request;
            return Task.FromResult(response);
        }
    }

{
            var mock = new MockHandler(request =>
            {
                return new HttpResponseMessage()
                {
                    Content = new StringContent("you ask for " + request.RequestUri),
                };
            });

            var client = new HttpClient(mock);
            var respose = await client.GetAsync("http://feiniaomuyu.top");
            string result = await respose.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();
}

使用DelegateHandler串联请求处理

    class Logginghandler : DelegatingHandler
    {
        public Logginghandler(HttpMessageHandler nextHandler)
        {
            InnerHandler = nextHandler;
        }

        protected async override Task<HttpResponseMessage> 
            SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("requesting" + request.RequestUri);
            var response = await base.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);
            Console.WriteLine("get response" + response.StatusCode);
            return response;
        }
    }

1.可以在DelegateHandler的子类中调用其他处理器（形成处理器链）

代理

1.如果不使用代理，则需要将proxy设置为null，否则可能会自动代理

            WebProxy p = new WebProxy("192.168.0.104", 80);
            p.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("username", "password");

2.设置全局的默认代理属性

WebRequest.DefaultWebProxy

身份验证

1.设置Credentials属性

2.CredentialCache可以指定验证协议

3.HttpClient验证头部信息

client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Authorization = new AuthenticationHeaderValue("aaa");

异常处理

1.WebClient三个类会抛出WebException异常

2.HttpClient会抛出HttpRequestException异常

3.HttpClient的异常只有调用EnsureSuccessStatusCode时才会抛出

4.WebClient必须先捕捉WebException异常才能获取Status，或者把异常强制转为HttpRequestException

---

使用HTTP

头部信息

枚举头部信息

foreach(var key in headers.keys)
{
    cw(key + headers[key]);
}

查询字符串

1.对查询字符串的特殊格式进行编码

string a = Uri.EscapeDataString(" > aaa ");

2.对Uri进行编码

string a = Uri.EscapeUriString(" > aaa ");

上传表单数据

1.使用WebClient

            WebClient wc = new WebClient
            {
                Proxy = null,
            };
            var data = new System.Collections.Specialized.NameValueCollection();
            data.Add("Name", "zhang");
            data.Add("Company", "NK");
            byte[] result = wc.UploadValues("http://www.albahari.com/EchoPost.aspx", "POST", data);
            Console.WriteLine(Encoding.UTF8.GetString(result));

2.使用WebRequest

需要cookie必须用这个

            var req = WebRequest.Create("http://www.albahari.com/EchoPost.aspx");
            req.Proxy = null;
            req.Method = "POST";
            req.ContentType = "application/x-www-form-urlencode";
            string reqstring = "Name=Joe+Alb&Company=O'Reilly";
            byte[] reqData = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(reqstring);

            using (Stream stream = req.GetRequestStream())
            {
                stream.Write(reqData, 0, reqData.Length);
            }

            using (WebResponse res = req.GetResponse())
            {
                using (Stream stream = res.GetResponseStream())
                {
                    using (StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(stream))
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine(sr.ReadToEnd());
                    }
                }
            }

3.使用HttpClient

            string uri = "http://www.albahari.com/EchoPost.aspx";
            var client = new HttpClient();
            var dict = new Dictionary<string, string>
            {
                {"name","Joe" },
                {"company","nk" }
            };
            var values = new FormUrlEncodedContent(dict);
            var response = await client.PostAsync(uri,values);
            response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
            Console.WriteLine(await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync());

cookie

WebRequest

            var cc = new CookieContainer();
            var request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create("http://feimuyu.top/");
            request.Proxy = null;
            request.CookieContainer = cc;
            using (var res = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse())
            {
                foreach (Cookie item in res.Cookies)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Name:" + item.Name);
                    Console.WriteLine("Value:" + item.Value);
                    Console.WriteLine("Path:" + item.Path);
                    Console.WriteLine("Domain:" + item.Domain);
                }
                using (var stream = res.GetResponseStream())
                {
                    using (var a = new StreamReader(stream))
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine(a.ReadToEnd());
                    }
                }
            }

HttpClient

获取cookie

            var cc = new CookieContainer();
            HttpClientHandler handler = new HttpClientHandler();
            handler.CookieContainer = cc;
            handler.UseCookies = true;
            var s = new HttpClient(handler);
            var m = s.GetAsync("https://localhost:5001/api/values").Result;
            m.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
            Console.WriteLine(m.Headers);
            IEnumerable<string> a = new List<string>();
            //获取Cookie
            Console.WriteLine(m.Headers.TryGetValues("Set-Cookie",out a));
            //如果第一次请求服务器有cookie，则第二次请求时会自动带上cookie
            m = s.GetAsync("https://localhost:5001/api/values").Result;

设置cookie

cc.SetCookies(new Uri("https://localhost:5001/api/values"),"aaa=vvv");

说明：服务端在接收到客户端请求的cookie后，不会自动添加到响应的cookie中。而客户端在接收到服务端的cookie后，会自动的添加到下一次的http请求中。

表单验证

上传表单数据和cookie

ssl

1.使用https时，自动使用ssl

2.个人签发的证书需要自定义验证

ServicePointManager.ServerCertificateValidationCallback

---

编写HTTP服务器

        async static void ListenAsync()
        {
            HttpListener listener = new HttpListener();
            listener.Prefixes.Add("http://localhost:51111/");
            listener.Start();

            HttpListenerContext context = await listener.GetContextAsync();

            string msg = "you ask for:" + context.Request.RawUrl;
            context.Response.ContentLength64 = Encoding.UTF8.GetByteCount(msg);
            context.Response.StatusCode = (int)HttpStatusCode.OK;

            using (Stream s = context.Response.OutputStream)
            {
                using (StreamWriter sw = new StreamWriter(s))
                {
                    await sw.WriteAsync(msg);
                }
            }
            listener.Stop();
        }

关键：HttpListener

---

使用FTP

WebClient，上传下载文件

            WebClient wc = new WebClient { Proxy = null };
            //wc.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("nutshell", "oreilly");
            wc.BaseAddress = "ftp://localhost/";
            wc.UploadString("code.html", "hello");
            Console.WriteLine(wc.DownloadString("temp.txt"));

WebRequest，获取目录下的所有文件和文件夹

            var req = (FtpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create("ftp://localhost");
            req.Proxy = null;
            req.Method = WebRequestMethods.Ftp.ListDirectory;
            using (WebResponse resp = req.GetResponse())
            {
                using (StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(resp.GetResponseStream()))
                {
                    Console.WriteLine(reader.ReadToEnd());
                }
            }

FtpWebRequest.Method有多重方法，重命名，删除，移动。。。

---

使用DNS

1.GetHostAddress可以将域名转换为IP地址，得到的是IP地址列表，一个域名可以有多个IP地址

2.GetHostEntry将IP地址转为域名

---

通过SmtpClient类发送邮件

1.发送qq邮箱，该方法在2020-4-4在公司电脑上发现不行

            SmtpClient client = new SmtpClient();
            client.Host = "smtp.qq.com";
            MailMessage mm = new MailMessage("531047332@qq.com", "531047332@qq.com");
            mm.Subject = "Hello";
            mm.SubjectEncoding = Encoding.UTF8;
            mm.Body = "test";
            mm.BodyEncoding = Encoding.UTF8;
            client.DeliveryMethod = SmtpDeliveryMethod.Network;
            client.EnableSsl = true;
            client.UseDefaultCredentials = false;
            NetworkCredential senderCredential = new NetworkCredential("531047332@qq.com", "turyqcigctarxs");
            client.Credentials = senderCredential;
            client.Send(mm);
            Console.WriteLine("success");

2.采用MailKit来发送邮件

            var messageToSend = new MimeMessage
            {
                Sender = new MailboxAddress("feiniaomuyu", "531047332@qq.com"),
                Subject = "主题",
            };

            messageToSend.Body = new TextPart(TextFormat.Plain) { Text = "hello" };
            messageToSend.To.Add(new MailboxAddress("531047332@qq.com"));

            using (var smtp = new MailKit.Net.Smtp.SmtpClient())
            {
                smtp.MessageSent += (sender, args) =>
                            {
                                Console.WriteLine("success");
                            };
                smtp.ServerCertificateValidationCallback = (s, c, h, e) => true;
                smtp.Connect("smtp.qq.com", 465, true);
                smtp.Authenticate("531047332@qq.com", "pfoqhmyptbhjc");
                smtp.Send(messageToSend);
                smtp.Disconnect(true);
            }

 

---

使用TCP

单次TCP

        static void Client()
        {
            using (TcpClient client = new TcpClient("localhost",51111))
            {
                using (NetworkStream n = client.GetStream())
                {
                    BinaryWriter w = new BinaryWriter(n);
                    w.Write("hello");
                    w.Flush();
                    Console.WriteLine(new BinaryReader(n).ReadString());
                }
            }
        }
   
        static void Server()
        {
            TcpListener listener = new TcpListener(IPAddress.Any, 51111);
            listener.Start();
            using (TcpClient c = listener.AcceptTcpClient())
            {
                using (NetworkStream n = c.GetStream())
                {
                    string msg = new BinaryReader(n).ReadString();
                    BinaryWriter w = new BinaryWriter(n);
                    w.Write(msg + " right back");
                    w.Flush();
                }
            }
            listener.Stop();
        }

---

接受邮件

Lumisoft

        public static void GetEmails()
        {
            using (POP3_Client c = new POP3_Client())
            {
                c.Connect("pop.qq.com", 995, true);
                c.Login("531047332@qq.com", "turyqcgxigctarxs");
                if (c.Messages.Count > 0)
                {
                    for (var i = 0; i < c.Messages.Count; i++)
                    {
                        var t = Mail_Message.ParseFromByte(c.Messages[i].MessageToByte());
                        var from = t.From;
                        var to = t.To;
                        var date = t.Date;
                        var subject = t.Subject;
                        Console.WriteLine(date);
                    }

                }
            }
        }