SQL Aggregate 函数计算从列中取得的值,返回一个单一的值。
AVG() 函数
AVG() 函数返回数值列的平均值。
SQL AVG() 语法
SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name
SQL COUNT() 函数
COUNT() 函数返回匹配指定条件的行数。
SQL COUNT(column_name) 语法
COUNT(column_name) 函数返回指定列的值的数目(NULL 不计入):
SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name;
SQL COUNT(*) 语法
COUNT(*) 函数返回表中的记录数:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;
SQL COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) 语法
COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) 函数返回指定列的不同值的数目:
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) FROM table_name;
注释:COUNT(DISTINCT) 适用于 ORACLE 和 Microsoft SQL Server,但是无法用于 Microsoft Access。
SQL FIRST() 函数
FIRST() 函数返回指定的列中第一个记录的值。
SQL FIRST() 语法
SELECT FIRST(column_name) FROM table_name;
注释:只有 MS Access 支持 FIRST() 函数。
SQL Server 语法
SELECT TOP 1 column_name FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name ASC;
实例
SELECT TOP 1 name FROM Websites
ORDER BY id ASC;
MySQL 语法
SELECT column_name FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name ASC
LIMIT 1;
实例
SELECT name FROM Websites
ORDER BY id ASC
LIMIT 1;
Oracle 语法
SELECT column_name FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name ASC
WHERE ROWNUM <=1;
实例
SELECT name FROM Websites
ORDER BY id ASC
WHERE ROWNUM <=1;
SQL LAST() 函数
LAST() 函数返回指定的列中最后一个记录的值。
SQL LAST() 语法
SELECT LAST(column_name) FROM table_name;
注释:只有 MS Access 支持 LAST() 函数。
SQL Server 语法
SELECT TOP 1 column_name FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name DESC;
实例
SELECT TOP 1 name FROM Websites
ORDER BY id DESC;
MySQL 语法
SELECT column_name FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name DESC
LIMIT 1;
实例
SELECT name FROM Websites
ORDER BY id DESC
LIMIT 1;
Oracle 语法
SELECT column_name FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name DESC
WHERE ROWNUM <=1;
实例
SELECT name FROM Websites
ORDER BY id DESC
WHERE ROWNUM <=1;
SQL MAX() 函数
MAX() 函数返回指定列的最大值。
SQL MAX() 语法
SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;
SQL MIN() Function
MIN() 函数返回指定列的最小值。
SQL MIN() 语法
SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;
SQL SUM() 函数
SUM() 函数返回数值列的总数。
SQL SUM() 语法
SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name;
SQL GROUP BY 语句
GROUP BY 语句可结合一些聚合函数来使用
GROUP BY 语句
GROUP BY 语句用于结合聚合函数,根据一个或多个列对结果集进行分组。
SQL GROUP BY 语法
SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name;
演示数据库:
下面是选自 “Websites” 表的数据:
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| id | name | url | alexa | country |
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| 1 | Google | https://www.google.cm/ | 1 | USA |
| 2 | 淘宝 | https://www.taobao.com/ | 13 | CN |
| 3 | 菜鸟教程 | http://www.runoob.com/ | 4689 | CN |
| 4 | 微博 | http://weibo.com/ | 20 | CN |
| 5 | Facebook | https://www.facebook.com/ | 3 | USA |
| 7 | stackoverflow | http://stackoverflow.com/ | 0 | IND |
+----+---------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
下面是 “access_log” 网站访问记录表的数据:
+-----+---------+-------+------------+
| aid | site_id | count | date |
+-----+---------+-------+------------+
| 1 | 1 | 45 | 2016-05-10 |
| 2 | 3 | 100 | 2016-05-13 |
| 3 | 1 | 230 | 2016-05-14 |
| 4 | 2 | 10 | 2016-05-14 |
| 5 | 5 | 205 | 2016-05-14 |
| 6 | 4 | 13 | 2016-05-15 |
| 7 | 3 | 220 | 2016-05-15 |
| 8 | 5 | 545 | 2016-05-16 |
| 9 | 3 | 201 | 2016-05-17 |
+-----+---------+-------+------------+
GROUP BY 简单应用
统计 access_log 各个 site_id 的访问量:
实例
SELECT site_id, SUM(access_log.count) AS nums
FROM access_log GROUP BY site_id;
执行以上 SQL 输出结果如下:
SQL GROUP BY 多表连接
现在我们想要查找每个送货员配送的订单数目。
下面的 SQL 语句统计所有网站的访问的记录数:
实例
SELECT Websites.name,COUNT(access_log.aid) AS nums FROM access_log
LEFT JOIN Websites
ON access_log.site_id=Websites.id
GROUP BY Websites.name;
执行以上 SQL 输出结果如下:
SQL HAVING 子句
在 SQL 中增加 HAVING 子句原因是,WHERE 关键字无法与聚合函数一起使用。
HAVING 子句可以让我们筛选分组后的各组数据。
SQL HAVING 语法
SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name
HAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator value;
演示数据库
在本教程中,我们将使用 RUNOOB 样本数据库。
下面是选自 “Websites” 表的数据:
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| id | name | url | alexa | country |
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| 1 | Google | https://www.google.cm/ | 1 | USA |
| 2 | 淘宝 | https://www.taobao.com/ | 13 | CN |
| 3 | 菜鸟教程 | http://www.runoob.com/ | 4689 | CN |
| 4 | 微博 | http://weibo.com/ | 20 | CN |
| 5 | Facebook | https://www.facebook.com/ | 3 | USA |
| 7 | stackoverflow | http://stackoverflow.com/ | 0 | IND |
+----+---------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
下面是 “access_log” 网站访问记录表的数据:
+-----+---------+-------+------------+
| aid | site_id | count | date |
+-----+---------+-------+------------+
| 1 | 1 | 45 | 2016-05-10 |
| 2 | 3 | 100 | 2016-05-13 |
| 3 | 1 | 230 | 2016-05-14 |
| 4 | 2 | 10 | 2016-05-14 |
| 5 | 5 | 205 | 2016-05-14 |
| 6 | 4 | 13 | 2016-05-15 |
| 7 | 3 | 220 | 2016-05-15 |
| 8 | 5 | 545 | 2016-05-16 |
| 9 | 3 | 201 | 2016-05-17 |
+-----+---------+-------+------------+
SQL HAVING 实例
现在我们想要查找总访问量大于 200 的网站。
我们使用下面的 SQL 语句:
SELECT Websites.name, Websites.url, SUM(access_log.count) AS nums FROM (access_log
INNER JOIN Websites
ON access_log.site_id=Websites.id)
GROUP BY Websites.name
HAVING SUM(access_log.count) > 200;
执行以上 SQL 输出结果如下:
现在我们想要查找总访问量大于 200 的网站,并且 alexa 排名小于 200。
我们在 SQL 语句中增加一个普通的 WHERE 子句:
SELECT Websites.name, SUM(access_log.count) AS nums FROM Websites
INNER JOIN access_log
ON Websites.id=access_log.site_id
WHERE Websites.alexa < 200
GROUP BY Websites.name
HAVING SUM(access_log.count) > 200;
执行以上 SQL 输出结果如下: