[Python] 类变量继承重复利用父类变量

类行为问题

问题

类变量在继承过程中，子类直接使用了父类的同一份变量，导致行为错误。

错误代码

class Builder:
    _inventory: list

    @classmethod
    def buildPartA(cls):
        raise NotImplementedError

    @classmethod
    def buildPartB(cls):
        raise NotImplementedError

    @classmethod
    def buildPartC(cls):
        raise NotImplementedError

    @classmethod
    def buildPartD(cls):
        raise NotImplementedError

    @classmethod
    def get_result(cls):
        print(cls._inventory)

    @classmethod
    def add_to_inventory(cls, good):
        print(dir(cls))
        cls._inventory.append(good)


class BMWBuilder(Builder):

    @classmethod
    def buildPartA(cls):
        print("Build BMW PartA")
        cls.add_to_inventory("PartA")

    @classmethod
    def buildPartB(cls):
        print("Build BMW PartB")
        cls.add_to_inventory("PartB")

    @classmethod
    def buildPartC(cls):
        print("Build BMW PartC")
        cls.add_to_inventory("PartC")

    @classmethod
    def buildPartD(cls):
        print("Build BMW PartD")
        cls.add_to_inventory("PartD")


class BenzBuilder(Builder):

    @classmethod
    def buildPartA(cls):
        print("Build Benz PartA")
        cls.add_to_inventory("PartA")

    @classmethod
    def buildPartB(cls):
        print("Build Benz PartB")
        cls.add_to_inventory("PartB")

    @classmethod
    def buildPartC(cls):
        print("Build Benz PartC")
        cls.add_to_inventory("PartC")

    @classmethod
    def buildPartD(cls):
        print("Build Benz PartD")
        cls.add_to_inventory("PartD")


class Manager:

    def __init__(self, builder: Builder = None):
        self.builder = builder

    def set_builder(self, builder: Builder):
        self.builder = builder

    def build(self):
        self.builder.buildPartA()
        self.builder.buildPartB()
        self.builder.buildPartC()
        self.builder.buildPartD()
        self.builder.get_result()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    def test():
        manager = Manager()
        builder = BMWBuilder()
        manager.set_builder(builder)
        manager.build()

        builder = BenzBuilder()
        manager.set_builder(builder)
        manager.build()


    test()

解决方案

用metaclass去控制类的行为

class BuilderMeta(type):

    def __new__(mcs, cls_name, cls_bases, cls_dict):
        cls_dict["_inventory"] = []
        return type.__new__(mcs, cls_name, cls_bases, cls_dict)


class Builder(metaclass=BuilderMeta):
	...