自己写bootloader

start.S
若有icatch，初始化时有：

 /* 启动ICACHE */
 mrc p15, 0, r0, c1, c0, 0 @ read control reg
 orr r0, r0, #(1<<12)
 mcr p15, 0, r0, c1, c0, 0   @ write it back

若没有icatch：

#define S3C2440_MPLL_200MHZ     ((0x5c<<12)|(0x01<<4)|(0x02))
#define MEM_CTL_BASE    0x48000000

.text
.global _start
_start:
/* 1. 关看门狗 */
 ldr r0, =0x53000000
 mov r1, #0
 str r1, [r0]
/* 2. 设置时钟 */
 ldr r0, =0x4c000014
 mov r1, #0x03;            // FCLK:HCLK:PCLK=1:2:4, HDIVN=1,PDIVN=1
 str r1, [r0]
 
 /* 如果HDIVN非0，CPU的总线模式应该从“fast bus mode”变为“asynchronous bus mode” */
 mrc p15, 0, r1, c1, c0, 0  /* 读出控制寄存器 */ 
 orr r1, r1, #0xc0000000   /* 设置为“asynchronous bus mode” */
 mcr p15, 0, r1, c1, c0, 0  /* 写入控制寄存器 */
 /* MPLLCON = S3C2440_MPLL_200MHZ */
 ldr r0, =0x4c000004
 ldr r1, =S3C2440_MPLL_200MHZ
 str r1, [r0]
 
/* 3. 初始化SDRAM */
 ldr r0, =MEM_CTL_BASE
 adr r1, sdram_config     /* sdram_config的当前地址 */
 add r3, r0, #(13*4)
1:
 ldr r2, [r1], #4
 str r2, [r0], #4
 cmp r0, r3
 bne 1b
 
/* 4. 重定位 : 把bootloader本身的代码从flash复制到它的链接地址去 */
 ldr sp, =0x34000000
 bl nand_init
 mov r0, #0
 ldr r1, =_start
 ldr r2, =__bss_start
 sub r2, r2, r1
 bl copy_code_to_sdram
 bl clear_bss
 
/* 5. 执行main */
 ldr lr, =halt
 ldr pc, =main
halt:
 b halt
 
sdram_config:
 .long 0x22011110  //BWSCON
 .long 0x00000700  //BANKCON0
 .long 0x00000700  //BANKCON1
 .long 0x00000700  //BANKCON2
 .long 0x00000700  //BANKCON3  
 .long 0x00000700  //BANKCON4
 .long 0x00000700  //BANKCON5
 .long 0x00018005  //BANKCON6
 .long 0x00018005  //BANKCON7
 .long 0x008C04F4  // REFRESH
 .long 0x000000B1  //BANKSIZE
 .long 0x00000030  //MRSRB6
 .long 0x00000030  //MRSRB7

boot.c

#include "setup.h"
extern void uart0_init(void);
extern void nand_read(unsigned int addr, unsigned char *buf, unsigned int len);
extern void puts(char *str);
extern void puthex(unsigned int val);
static struct tag *params;
void setup_start_tag(void)
{
 params = (struct tag *)0x30000100;
 params->hdr.tag = ATAG_CORE;
 params->hdr.size = tag_size (tag_core);
 params->u.core.flags = 0;
 params->u.core.pagesize = 0;
 params->u.core.rootdev = 0;
 params = tag_next (params);
}
void setup_memory_tags(void)
{
 params->hdr.tag = ATAG_MEM;
 params->hdr.size = tag_size (tag_mem32);
 params->u.mem.start = 0x30000000;
 params->u.mem.size  = 64*1024*1024;
 params = tag_next (params);
}
int strlen(char *str)
{
 int i = 0;
 while (str[i])
 {
  i++;
 }
 return i;
}
void strcpy(char *dest, char *src)
{
 while ((*dest++ = *src++) != '\0');
}
void setup_commandline_tag(char *cmdline)
{
 int len = strlen(cmdline) + 1;
 params->hdr.tag  = ATAG_CMDLINE;
 params->hdr.size = (sizeof (struct tag_header) + len + 3) >> 2;
 strcpy (params->u.cmdline.cmdline, cmdline);
 params = tag_next (params);
}
void setup_end_tag(void)
{
 params->hdr.tag = ATAG_NONE;
 params->hdr.size = 0;
}
int main(void)
{
 void (*theKernel)(int zero, int arch, unsigned int params);
 volatile unsigned int *p = (volatile unsigned int *)0x30008000;
 /* 0. 帮内核设置串口: 内核启动的开始部分会从串口打印一些信息,但是内核一开始没有初始化串口 */
 uart0_init();
 /* 1. 从NAND FLASH里把内核读入内存 */
 puts("Copy kernel from nand\n\r");
 nand_read(0x60000+64, (unsigned char *)0x30008000, 0x200000);
 puthex(0x1234ABCD);
 puts("\n\r");
 puthex(*p);
 puts("\n\r");
 /* 2. 设置参数 */
 puts("Set boot params\n\r");
 setup_start_tag();
 setup_memory_tags();
 setup_commandline_tag("noinitrd root=/dev/mtdblock3 init=/linuxrc console=ttySAC0");
 setup_end_tag();
 /* 3. 跳转执行 */
 puts("Boot kernel\n\r");
 theKernel = (void (*)(int, int, unsigned int))0x30008000;
 theKernel(0, 362, 0x30000100);  
 /* 
  *  mov r0, #0
  *  ldr r1, =362
  *  ldr r2, =0x30000100
  *  mov pc, #0x30008000 
  */
 puts("Error!\n\r");
 /* 如果一切正常, 不会执行到这里 */
 return -1;
}

boot.lds

SECTIONS {
    . = 0x33f80000;
    .text : { *(.text) }
    
    . = ALIGN(4);
    .rodata : {*(.rodata*)} 
    
    . = ALIGN(4);
    .data : { *(.data) }
    
    . = ALIGN(4);
    __bss_start = .;
    .bss : { *(.bss)  *(COMMON) }
    __bss_end = .;
}

init.c

/* NAND FLASH控制器 */
#define NFCONF (*((volatile unsigned long *)0x4E000000))
#define NFCONT (*((volatile unsigned long *)0x4E000004))
#define NFCMMD (*((volatile unsigned char *)0x4E000008))
#define NFADDR (*((volatile unsigned char *)0x4E00000C))
#define NFDATA (*((volatile unsigned char *)0x4E000010))
#define NFSTAT (*((volatile unsigned char *)0x4E000020))
/* GPIO */
#define GPHCON              (*(volatile unsigned long *)0x56000070)
#define GPHUP               (*(volatile unsigned long *)0x56000078)
/* UART registers*/
#define ULCON0              (*(volatile unsigned long *)0x50000000)
#define UCON0               (*(volatile unsigned long *)0x50000004)
#define UFCON0              (*(volatile unsigned long *)0x50000008)
#define UMCON0              (*(volatile unsigned long *)0x5000000c)
#define UTRSTAT0            (*(volatile unsigned long *)0x50000010)
#define UTXH0               (*(volatile unsigned char *)0x50000020)
#define URXH0               (*(volatile unsigned char *)0x50000024)
#define UBRDIV0             (*(volatile unsigned long *)0x50000028)
#define TXD0READY   (1<<2)
void nand_read(unsigned int addr, unsigned char *buf, unsigned int len);
int isBootFromNorFlash(void)
{
 volatile int *p = (volatile int *)0;
 int val;
 val = *p;
 *p = 0x12345678;
 if (*p == 0x12345678)
 {
  /* 写成功, 是nand启动 */
  *p = val;
  return 0;
 }
 else
 {
  /* NOR不能像内存一样写 */
  return 1;
 }
}
void copy_code_to_sdram(unsigned char *src, unsigned char *dest, unsigned int len)
{ 
 int i = 0;
 /* 如果是NOR启动 */
 if (isBootFromNorFlash())
 {
  while (i < len)
  {
   dest[i] = src[i];
   i++;
  }
 }
 else
 {
  //nand_init();
  nand_read((unsigned int)src, dest, len);
 }
}
void clear_bss(void)
{
 extern int __bss_start, __bss_end;
 int *p = &__bss_start;
 for (; p < &__bss_end; p++)
  *p = 0;
}
void nand_init(void)
{
#define TACLS   0
#define TWRPH0  1
#define TWRPH1  0
 /* 设置时序 */
 NFCONF = (TACLS<<12)|(TWRPH0<<8)|(TWRPH1<<4);
 /* 使能NAND Flash控制器, 初始化ECC, 禁止片选 */
 NFCONT = (1<<4)|(1<<1)|(1<<0); 
}
void nand_select(void)
{
 NFCONT &= ~(1<<1); 
}
void nand_deselect(void)
{
 NFCONT |= (1<<1); 
}
void nand_cmd(unsigned char cmd)
{
 volatile int i;
 NFCMMD = cmd;
 for (i = 0; i < 10; i++);
}
void nand_addr(unsigned int addr)
{
 unsigned int col  = addr % 2048;
 unsigned int page = addr / 2048;
 volatile int i;
 NFADDR = col & 0xff;
 for (i = 0; i < 10; i++);
 NFADDR = (col >> 8) & 0xff;
 for (i = 0; i < 10; i++);
 NFADDR  = page & 0xff;
 for (i = 0; i < 10; i++);
 NFADDR  = (page >> 8) & 0xff;
 for (i = 0; i < 10; i++);
 NFADDR  = (page >> 16) & 0xff;
 for (i = 0; i < 10; i++); 
}
void nand_wait_ready(void)
{
 while (!(NFSTAT & 1));
}
unsigned char nand_data(void)
{
 return NFDATA;
}
void nand_read(unsigned int addr, unsigned char *buf, unsigned int len)
{
 int col = addr % 2048;
 int i = 0; 
 /* 1. 选中 */
 nand_select();
 while (i < len)
 {
  /* 2. 发出读命令00h */
  nand_cmd(0x00);
  /* 3. 发出地址(分5步发出) */
  nand_addr(addr);
  /* 4. 发出读命令30h */
  nand_cmd(0x30);
  /* 5. 判断状态 */
  nand_wait_ready();
  /* 6. 读数据 */
  for (; (col < 2048) && (i < len); col++)
  {
   buf[i] = nand_data();
   i++;
   addr++;
  }
  col = 0;
 }
 /* 7. 取消选中 */  
 nand_deselect();
}
#define PCLK            50000000    // init.c中的clock_init函数设置PCLK为50MHz
#define UART_CLK        PCLK        //  UART0的时钟源设为PCLK
#define UART_BAUD_RATE  115200      // 波特率
#define UART_BRD        ((UART_CLK  / (UART_BAUD_RATE * 16)) - 1)
/*
 * 初始化UART0
 * 115200,8N1,无流控
 */
void uart0_init(void)
{
    GPHCON  |= 0xa0;    // GPH2,GPH3用作TXD0,RXD0
    GPHUP   = 0x0c;     // GPH2,GPH3内部上拉
    ULCON0  = 0x03;     // 8N1(8个数据位，无较验，1个停止位)
    UCON0   = 0x05;     // 查询方式，UART时钟源为PCLK
    UFCON0  = 0x00;     // 不使用FIFO
    UMCON0  = 0x00;     // 不使用流控
    UBRDIV0 = UART_BRD; // 波特率为115200
}
/*
 * 发送一个字符
 */
void putc(unsigned char c)
{
    /* 等待，直到发送缓冲区中的数据已经全部发送出去 */
    while (!(UTRSTAT0 & TXD0READY));
    /* 向UTXH0寄存器中写入数据，UART即自动将它发送出去 */
    UTXH0 = c;
}
void puts(char *str)
{
 int i = 0;
 while (str[i])
 {
  putc(str[i]);
  i++;
 }
}
void puthex(unsigned int val)
{
 /* 0x1234abcd */
 int i;
 int j;
 puts("0x");
 for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
 {
  j = (val >> ((7-i)*4)) & 0xf;
  if ((j >= 0) && (j <= 9))
   putc('0' + j);
  else
   putc('A' + j - 0xa);
 }
 
}

makefile:

CC      = arm-linux-gcc
LD      = arm-linux-ld
AR      = arm-linux-ar

OBJCOPY = arm-linux-objcopy
OBJDUMP = arm-linux-objdump
CFLAGS   := -Wall -O2
CPPFLAGS    := -nostdinc -nostdlib -fno-builtin

objs := start.o init.o boot.o
boot.bin: $(objs)
 ${LD} -Tboot.lds -o boot.elf $^
 ${OBJCOPY} -O binary -S boot.elf $@
 ${OBJDUMP} -D -m arm boot.elf > boot.dis
 
%.o:%.c
 ${CC} $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<
%.o:%.S
 ${CC} $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<
 
clean:
 rm -f *.o *.bin *.elf *.dis