Java网络编程

网络编程中两个主要的问题

• 如何准确地定位网络上一台或多态主机;
• 找到主机后如何可靠高效的进行数据传输

要素

• IP和端口号
• 提供网络通信协议： TCP/IP

IP端口号

• IP：唯一的标识Internet计算机
  • Java中使用InetAddress类代表IP

  /**
   * 常用方法: InetAddress.getHostName() // 得到域名
   * 		InetAddress.getAddress() // 得到地址
   * 
   * @param args
   */
  public static void main(String[] args) {
  	try {
          // 可以填写域名或IP地址
  	    InetAddress inetAddress1 = InetAddress.getByName("www.baidu.com");
  		// 获取本机IP
  		InetAddress inetAddress2 = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
  		System.out.println(inetAddress1);
  		System.out.println(inetAddress2);
  	} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
  		e.printStackTrace();
  	}
  }
  

  • IPv4、IPv6
• 端口号：计算机上运行的进程
  • 不同的进程有不同的端口号
  • 范围: 0~65535
  • 分类:
    • 公认端口:0~1023。被预先定义的服务通信占用(HTTP占用80,FTP占用21,Telnet占用端口23)
    • 注册端口:1024~49151。分配给用户进程或应用程序。(如Tomcat占8080,Mysql占用3306,Oracle占用端口1521)
    • 动态/私有端口:491521~65535
• 端口号与IP地址的组合得出一个网络套接字:Socket

网络通信协议

• TCP
  • 使用TCP协议,先建立TCP连接,形成传输数据通道
  • 传输前,采用"三次握手"方式,点对点通信,是可靠的
  • TCP协议进行通信的两个应用进程: 客户端、服务端
  • 在连接中可进行大数据量的传输
  • 传输完毕,需要释放已建立的连接,效率低

  public class TCPTest1 {
  
      // 客户端
      @Test
      public void client() {
          Socket socket = null;
          OutputStream os = null;
          try {
              // 1.创建Socket对象,指明服务端的IP和端口号
              socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getLocalHost(), 8888);
              // 2.获取一个输出流,用于输出数据
              os = socket.getOutputStream();
              // 3.写出数据
              os.write("您好,服务器".getBytes());
          } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
              // TODO Auto-generated catch block
              e.printStackTrace();
          } catch (IOException e) {
              // TODO Auto-generated catch block
              e.printStackTrace();
          } finally {
              try {
                  // 关闭资源
                  if (os != null) {
                      os.close();
                  }
                  if (socket != null) {
                      socket.close();
                  }
              } catch (IOException e) {
                  // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
          }
      }
  
      // 服务器
      @Test
      public void server() {
          ServerSocket socket = null;
          Socket accept = null;
          InputStream iStream = null;
          ByteArrayOutputStream baoStream = null;
          try {
              // 1.创建服务器的ServerSocket,指明自己的端口号
              socket = new ServerSocket(8888);
              // 2.调用accept()方法,接受客户端数据
              accept = socket.accept();
              // 3. 获取输入流
              iStream = accept.getInputStream();
              // 可能会有乱码
              //byte[] buff = new byte[1024];
              //int len;
              //while ((len = iStream.read(buff)) != -1) {
              //System.out.println(new String(buff,0,len));
              //}
              // 4.读取输入流中的数据
              baoStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
              byte[] buff = new byte[1024];
              int len;
              while ((len = iStream.read(buff)) != -1) {
                  baoStream.write(buff, 0, len);
              }
              System.out.println(baoStream.toString());
              //得到客户端IP
              System.out.println(accept.getInetAddress().getHostAddress());
              System.out.println();
          } catch (IOException e) {
              // TODO Auto-generated catch block
              e.printStackTrace();
          } finally {
              try {
                  // 5.关闭流
                  if (baoStream != null) {
                      baoStream.close();
                  }
                  if (iStream != null) {
                      iStream.close();
                  }
                  if (accept != null) {
                      accept.close();
                  }
                  if (socket != null) {
                      socket.close();
                  }
              } catch (IOException e) {
                  // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
          }
      }
  }
  

      /**
      * 客户端发送文件给服务端，服务端将文件保存在本地
      * 
      * @author Administrator
      *
      */
      public class TCPTest2 {
  
          // 客户端
          @Test
          public void client() {
              Socket socket = null;
              OutputStream os = null;
              BufferedInputStream bufferedInputStream = null;
              try {
                  // 1.创建Socket对象,指明服务端的IP和端口号
                  socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getLocalHost(), 8888);
                  // 2.获取一个输出流,用于输出数据
                  os = socket.getOutputStream();
                  // 3.写出数据
                  bufferedInputStream = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream("1.jpg"));
                  byte[] buff = new byte[1024];
                  int len;
                  while ((len = bufferedInputStream.read(buff)) != -1) {
                      os.write(buff, 0, len);
                  }
              } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
                  // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                  e.printStackTrace();
              } catch (IOException e) {
                  // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                  e.printStackTrace();
              } finally {
                  try {
                      // 关闭资源
                      if (os != null) {
                          os.close();
                      }
                      if (bufferedInputStream != null) {
                          bufferedInputStream.close();
                      }
                      if (socket != null) {
                          socket.close();
                      }
                  } catch (IOException e) {
                      // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                      e.printStackTrace();
                  }
              }
          }
  
          // 服务器
          @Test
          public void server() {
              ServerSocket socket = null;
              Socket accept = null;
              InputStream iStream = null;
              BufferedOutputStream baoStream = null;
              try {
                  // 1.创建服务器的ServerSocket,指明自己的端口号
                  socket = new ServerSocket(8888);
                  // 2.调用accept()方法,接受客户端数据
                  accept = socket.accept();
                  // 3. 获取输入流
                  iStream = accept.getInputStream();
                  // 4.读取输入流中的数据
                  baoStream = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(new File("2.jpg")));
                  byte[] buff = new byte[1024];
                  int len;
                  while ((len = iStream.read(buff)) != -1) {
                      baoStream.write(buff, 0, len);
                  }
                  // 得到客户端IP
                  System.out.println(accept.getInetAddress().getHostAddress());
                  System.out.println();
              } catch (IOException e) {
                  // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                  e.printStackTrace();
              } finally {
                  try {
                      // 5.关闭流
                      if (baoStream != null) {
                          baoStream.close();
                      }
                      if (iStream != null) {
                          iStream.close();
                      }
                      if (accept != null) {
                          accept.close();
                      }
                      if (socket != null) {
                          socket.close();
                      }
                  } catch (IOException e) {
                      // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                      e.printStackTrace();
                  }
              }
          }
      }
  

  /**
      * 客户端发送文件给服务端，服务端将文件保存在本地,并返回"发送成功"给客户端
      * 
      * @author Administrator
      *
      */
      public class TCPTest2 {
  
          // 客户端
          @Test
          public void client() {
              Socket socket = null;
              OutputStream os = null;
              BufferedInputStream bufferedInputStream = null;
              ByteArrayOutputStream baoStream = null;
              try {
                  // 1.创建Socket对象,指明服务端的IP和端口号
                  socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getLocalHost(), 8888);
                  // 2.获取一个输出流,用于输出数据
                  os = socket.getOutputStream();
                  // 3.发送图片
                  bufferedInputStream = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream("1.jpg"));
                  byte[] buff = new byte[1024];
                  int len;
                  while ((len = bufferedInputStream.read(buff)) != -1) {
                      os.write(buff, 0, len);
                  }
                  socket.shutdownOutput();
                  // 4.接受来自于服务器端的数据
                  InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
                  baoStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
                  byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
                  int lens;
                  while ((lens = is.read(buffer)) != -1) {
                      baoStream.write(buffer, 0, lens);
                  }
  
                  System.out.println(baoStream.toString());
              } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
                  // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                  e.printStackTrace();
              } catch (IOException e) {
                  // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                  e.printStackTrace();
              } finally {
                  try {
                      // 关闭资源
                      if (os != null) {
                          os.close();
                      }
                      if (bufferedInputStream != null) {
                          bufferedInputStream.close();
                      }
                      if (socket != null) {
                          socket.close();
                      }
                      if (baoStream != null) {
                          baoStream.close();
                      }
                  } catch (IOException e) {
                      // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                      e.printStackTrace();
                  }
              }
          }
  
          // 服务器
          @Test
          public void server() {
              ServerSocket socket = null;
              Socket accept = null;
              InputStream iStream = null;
              BufferedOutputStream baoStream = null;
              try {
                  // 1.创建服务器的ServerSocket,指明自己的端口号
                  socket = new ServerSocket(8888);
                  // 2.调用accept()方法,接受客户端数据
                  accept = socket.accept();
                  // 3. 获取输入流
                  iStream = accept.getInputStream();
                  // 4.读取输入流中的数据
                  baoStream = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(new File("2.jpg")));
                  byte[] buff = new byte[1024];
                  int len;
                  while ((len = iStream.read(buff)) != -1) {
                      baoStream.write(buff, 0, len);
                  }
                  // 5. 服务器端给予客户端反馈
                  OutputStream oStream = accept.getOutputStream();
                  oStream.write("发送成功".getBytes());
                  // 得到客户端IP
                  System.out.println(accept.getInetAddress().getHostAddress());
              } catch (IOException e) {
                  // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                  e.printStackTrace();
              } finally {
                  try {
                      // 6.关闭流
                      if (baoStream != null) {
                          baoStream.close();
                      }
                      if (iStream != null) {
                          iStream.close();
                      }
                      if (accept != null) {
                          accept.close();
                      }
                      if (socket != null) {
                          socket.close();
                      }
                  } catch (IOException e) {
                      // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                      e.printStackTrace();
                  }
              }
          }
      }
  

• UDP
  • 将数据、源、目的封装成数据包,不需要建立连接
  • 每个数据包的大小限制在64K内
  • 发送不管对方是否准备好,接收方收到也不确认
  • 可以广播发送
  • 发送数据结束时无需释放资源,开销小,速度快

  public class UDPTest {
  
      // 发送端
      @Test
      public void sender() {
          DatagramSocket socket = null;
          try {
              socket = new DatagramSocket();
              String str = "UDP";
              byte[] data = str.getBytes();
              InetAddress inet = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
              DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(data, 0, data.length, inet, 8888);
              socket.send(packet);
          } catch (IOException e) {
              // TODO Auto-generated catch block
              e.printStackTrace();
          } finally {
              if (socket != null) {
                  socket.close();
              }
          }
      }
  
      // 接收端
      @Test
      public void receiver() {
          DatagramSocket socket = null;
          try {
              socket = new DatagramSocket(8888);
              byte[] buff = new byte[1024];
              DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buff, 0, buff.length);
              socket.receive(packet);
              System.out.println(new String(packet.getData(), 0, packet.getLength()));
          } catch (IOException e) {
              // TODO Auto-generated catch block
              e.printStackTrace();
          } finally {
              if (socket != null) {
                  socket.close();
              }
          }
      }
  }
  

URL

• 简介: 统一资源定位符,表示Internet上某一资源的地址
• 使用实例:

    @Test
	public void test() {
		try {
			URL url = new URL("https://www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png?where=super");
			// 获取URL的协议名
			System.out.println(url.getProtocol()); 
			// 获取URL的主机名
			System.out.println(url.getHost()); 
			// 获取URL的端口号
			System.out.println(url.getPort()); 
			// 获取URL的文件路径
			System.out.println(url.getPath()); 
			// 获取URL的文件名
			System.out.println(url.getFile()); 
			// 获取URL的查询名
			System.out.println(url.getQuery()); 
			
		} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
	}

    /**
     * 使用URL下载图片
     */
    @Test
	public void test() {
		BufferedOutputStream bufferedOutputStream = null;
		InputStream stream = null;
		HttpURLConnection urlConnection = null;
		try {
			URL url = new URL("https://ss2.bdstatic.com/70cFvnSh_Q1YnxGkpoWK1HF6hhy/it/u=2157737149,3401931137&fm=26&gp=0.jpg");
			urlConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
			urlConnection.connect();
			stream = urlConnection.getInputStream();
			bufferedOutputStream = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(new File("3.jpg")));
			byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
			int len;
			while ((len = stream.read(buffer)) != -1) {
				bufferedOutputStream.write(buffer, 0, len);
			}
		} catch (IOException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		} finally {
			try {
				if (urlConnection != null) {
					urlConnection.disconnect();
				}
				if (stream != null) {
					stream.close();
				}
				if (bufferedOutputStream != null) {
					bufferedOutputStream.close();
				}
			} catch (IOException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		}
	}