1.动态属性的作用
from datetime import datetime,date
class User:
def __init__(self,name,birthday):
self.name = name
self.birthday = birthday
self._age=0#单下划线是一种编码规范,表示不希望在外部调用
#动态的设置属性,可以减少数据库表字段的设计。也就是就属性以一种逻辑的方式表示
#如年龄=现时间-生日期
@property
def age(self):
return datetime.now().year - self.birthday.year
@age.setter
def age(self,value):
self.age = value
if __name__ == '__main__':
user = User('bobby',date(year=1978,month=1,day=1))
print(user._age)# 0
print(user.age)#41
注意区别双下划线
双下划线开头的实例变量是不是一定不能从外部访问呢?其实也不是。不能直接访问__name
是因为Python解释器对外把__name
变量改成了_Student__name
,所以,仍然可以通过_Student__name
来访问__name
变量。
外部代码可以设置了__name
变量,但实际上这个__name
变量和class内部的__name
变量不是一个变量!内部的__name
变量已经被Python解释器自动改成了_Student__name
,而外部代码给实例新增了一个__name
变量。
2.__getattr__,__getattribute__
http://www.cnblogs.com/blackmatrix/p/5681480.html
https://luozhaoyu.iteye.com/blog/1506426
__dict__() 和 dir()的区别:https://www.cnblogs.com/zjchao/p/7894477.html
#__getattr__, __getattribute__
#__getattr__ 就是在查找不到属性的时候调用
from datetime import date
class User:
def __init__(self,age,info={}):
self.info = info
self.Age =age
#只在查找不到属性时调用,可用于属性的纠错
def __getattr__(self, item):#item为你要get的到的属性
return self.info[item]
#当查找属性时,无条件进入__getattribute__,相当去整个属性访问的入口
#一般不重写,写不好的话会对整个属性的访问受影响
# def __getattribute__(self, item): #写框架是常用
# return "bobby"
if __name__ == "__main__":
user = User(30,info={"company_name":"imooc", "name":"bobby"})
print(user.name) #bobby
注意,__getattr__()只能返回一次数据,二次会报错
#__getattr__, __getattribute__
#__getattr__ 就是在查找不到属性的时候调用
from datetime import date
class User:
def __init__(self,age,info={}):
self.info = info
self.Age =age
#只在查找不到属性时调用,可用于属性的纠错
def __getattr__(self, item):#这个item为你要get到的属性
return self.info[item],self.Age
#当查找属性时,无条件进入__getattribute__,相当去整个属性访问的入口
#一般不重写,写不好的话会对整个属性的访问受影响
# def __getattribute__(self, item):
# return "bobby"
if __name__ == "__main__":
user = User(30,info={"company_name":"imooc", "name":"bobby"})
print(user.age)
print(user.name)
'''
KeyError: 'age'
'''
3.属性描述符
在一个类中实现了任意__get__,__set__,__delete__方法中的一个,就可以称为属性描述符中的数据描述符
如果只实现了__get__,则成为非数据表述符
数据描述符与非数据描述符在访问时的顺序不同,数据描述符的优先级最高,所有通过数据描述符实现的对象的属性都存在于数据描述符类中通过__get__()方法返回,不在实例的__dict__中,而非数据描述符则在__dict__中,具体的实验过程见下main第二段代码
创建的属性描述符的对象在复制或访问时,首先会调用其中的__get__,__set__,__delete__方法,这样我们就可以做一些属性的验证
from datetime import date, datetime
import numbers
class IntField:
#数据描述符
def __get__(self, instance, owner):
return self.value #重点在这,当值符合时,在这返回
def __set__(self, instance, value):
if not isinstance(value, numbers.Integral):
raise ValueError("int value need")
if value < 0:
raise ValueError("positive value need")
self.value = value
def __delete__(self, instance):
pass
class User:
age = IntField()
if __name__ == '__main__':
user = User()
user.age=-1
'''
ValueError: positive value need
'''
from datetime import date, datetime
import numbers
class IntField:
#数据描述符
def __get__(self, instance, owner):
return self.value
def __set__(self, instance, value):
if not isinstance(value, numbers.Integral):
raise ValueError("int value need")
if value < 0:
raise ValueError("positive value need")
self.value = value
def __delete__(self, instance):
pass
class NonDataIntField:
#非数据属性描述符
def __get__(self, instance, owner):
return self.value
class User:
age = IntField()
# age = NonDataIntField()
'''
如果user是某个类的实例,那么user.age(以及等价的getattr(user,’age’))
首先调用__getattribute__。如果类定义了__getattr__方法,
那么在__getattribute__抛出 AttributeError 的时候就会调用到__getattr__,
而对于描述符(__get__)的调用,则是发生在__getattribute__内部的。
user = User(), 那么user.age 顺序如下:
(1)如果“age”是出现在User或其基类的__dict__中, 且age是data descriptor, 那么调用其__get__方法, 否则
(2)如果“age”出现在user的__dict__中, 那么直接返回 obj.__dict__[‘age’], 否则
(3)如果“age”出现在User或其基类的__dict__中
(3.1)如果age是non-data descriptor,那么调用其__get__方法, 否则
(3.2)返回 __dict__[‘age’]
(4)如果User有__getattr__方法,调用__getattr__方法,否则
(5)抛出AttributeError
'''
# class User:
#
# def __init__(self, name, email, birthday):
# self.name = name
# self.email = email
# self.birthday = birthday
# self._age = 0
#
# # def get_age(self):
# # return datetime.now().year - self.birthday.year
#
# @property
# def age(self):
# return datetime.now().year - self.birthday.year
#
# @age.setter
# def age(self, value):
# #检查是否是字符串类型
# self._age = value
if __name__ == "__main__":
user = User()
user.__dict__["age"] = "abc"
print (user.__dict__)
print (user.age)
# print (getattr(user, 'age'))
# user = User("bobby", date(year=1987, month=1, day=1))
# user.age = 30
# print (user._age)
# print(user.age)
4.__new__,__init__
__new__方法只有在新式类中有,传递进来的是一个类对象,先于__inti__调用 -----侧重于类
class User:
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
print (" in new ")
return super().__new__(cls) #这儿必return 不必传入 *args, **kwargs
def __init__(self, name):
print (" in init")
pass
a = int()
#new 是用来控制对象的生成过程, 在对象生成之前
#init是用来完善对象的
#如果new方法不返回对象, 则不会调用init函数
if __name__ == "__main__":
user = User(name="bobby")
5.元类的创建
#类也是对象,type创建类的类
#动态的创建类
def create_class(name):
if name == "user":
class User:
def __str__(self):
return "user"
return User
elif name == "company":
class Company:
def __str__(self):
return "company"
return Company
#type动态创建类
# User = type("User", (), {})
def say(self):
return "i am user"
# return self.name
class BaseClass():
def answer(self):
return "i am baseclass"
class MetaClass(type):
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
return super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs) #MetaClass中必须传递 *args, **kwargs,不然会报错
from collections.abc import *
#什么是元类, 元类是创建类的类 对象<-class(对象)<-type
class User(metaclass=MetaClass):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def __str__(self):
return "user"
#python中类的实例化过程,会首先寻找metaclass,通过metaclass去创建user类
#去创建类对象,实例
if __name__ == "__main__":
# MyClass = create_class("user")
# my_obj = MyClass()
# print(type(my_obj))
# User = type("User", (BaseClass, ), {"name":"user", "say":say})
my_obj = User(name="bobby")
print(my_obj)
6.自定义元类,实现model
# 需求
import numbers
class Field:
pass
class IntField(Field):
# 数据描述符
def __init__(self, db_column, min_value=None, max_value=None):
self._value = None
self.min_value = min_value
self.max_value = max_value
self.db_column = db_column
if min_value is not None:
if not isinstance(min_value, numbers.Integral):
raise ValueError("min_value must be int")
elif min_value < 0:
raise ValueError("min_value must be positive int")
if max_value is not None:
if not isinstance(max_value, numbers.Integral):
raise ValueError("max_value must be int")
elif max_value < 0:
raise ValueError("max_value must be positive int")
if min_value is not None and max_value is not None:
if min_value > max_value:
raise ValueError("min_value must be smaller than max_value")
def __get__(self, instance, owner):
return self._value
def __set__(self, instance, value):
if not isinstance(value, numbers.Integral):
raise ValueError("int value need")
if value < self.min_value or value > self.max_value:
raise ValueError("value must between min_value and max_value")
self._value = value
class CharField(Field):
def __init__(self, db_column, max_length=None):
self._value = None
self.db_column = db_column
if max_length is None:
raise ValueError("you must spcify max_lenth for charfiled")
self.max_length = max_length
def __get__(self, instance, owner):
return self._value
def __set__(self, instance, value):
if not isinstance(value, str):
raise ValueError("string value need")
if len(value) > self.max_length:
raise ValueError("value len excess len of max_length")
self._value = value
class ModelMetaClass(type):
def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs, **kwargs): #这儿的参数和用type()创建时传递的参数一致,重点在这里的参数的获取
if name == "BaseModel":
return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs, **kwargs)
fields = {}
for key, value in attrs.items():
if isinstance(value, Field):
fields[key] = value
attrs_meta = attrs.get("Meta", None)
_meta = {}
db_table = name.lower()
if attrs_meta is not None:
table = getattr(attrs_meta, "db_table", None)
if table is not None:
db_table = table
_meta["db_table"] = db_table
attrs["_meta"] = _meta
attrs["fields"] = fields
del attrs["Meta"]
return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs, **kwargs)
class BaseModel(metaclass=ModelMetaClass):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
for key, value in kwargs.items():
setattr(self, key, value)
return super().__init__()
def save(self):
fields = []
values = []
for key, value in self.fields.items():
db_column = value.db_column
if db_column is None:
db_column = key.lower()
fields.append(db_column)
value = getattr(self, key)
values.append(str(value))
sql = "insert {db_table}({fields}) value({values})".format(db_table=self._meta["db_table"],
fields=",".join(fields), values=",".join(values))
pass
class User(BaseModel):
name = CharField(db_column="name", max_length=10)
age = IntField(db_column="age", min_value=1, max_value=100)
class Meta:
db_table = "user"
if __name__ == "__main__":
user = User(name="bobby", age=28)
# user.name = "bobby"
# user.age = 28
user.save() #这个函数之所以可以执行,就是因为在元类中对其属性和设置了sql语句,这就是元类的经典之处