Java并发编程(四)ThreadLocal的使用及原理

导图
ThreadLocal

一、基本概念

ThreadLocal为线程变量,也常说线程局部变量;提供了线程内存储变量的能力,这些变量在每一个线程之间存取都是相互独立的。
官方注释

/**
 * This class provides thread-local variables.  These variables differ from
 * their normal counterparts in that each thread that accesses one (via its
 * {@code get} or {@code set} method) has its own, independently initialized
 * copy of the variable.  {@code ThreadLocal} instances are typically private
 * static fields in classes that wish to associate state with a thread (e.g.,
 * a user ID or Transaction ID).
 * /

ThreadLocal的意义
在多线程环境下,如果要访问和操作同一个共享变量势必要考虑线程安全的问题,就要创建同步方法,加锁等等方式;可能会因为一个简单的需求增加系统的开销提高了软件的复杂程度,此时ThreadLocal可以比较好的方式处理多线程下共享变量操作的问题。

二、ThreadLocal的使用

以一个在不同线程中获取代码运行耗时的例子,如果不使用ThreadLocal 那么我们需要定义好一个long变量,然后在方法开始时获取当前的时间戳;在代码结束时用当前时间戳减去开始时的时间戳,如若要统计不同的代码或者方法,重复代码就比较多了;
使用ThreadLocal的实现:

public class ThreadLocalTest {


    private ThreadLocal<Long> threadLocal;

    public void start() {
        threadLocal = new ThreadLocal<>();
        new Thread(new TestRunnable1()).start();
        new Thread(new TestRunnable2()).start();
    }

    private void begin() {
        threadLocal.set(System.currentTimeMillis());
    }

    private void end() {
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "  " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - threadLocal.get()) + "ms");
    }

    private class TestRunnable1 implements Runnable {

        @Override
        public void run() {
            begin();
            try {
                Thread.sleep(3000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            end();

        }
    }


    private class TestRunnable2 implements Runnable {

        @Override
        public void run() {
            begin();
            try {
                Thread.sleep(4000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            end();
        }
    }
}

public class ThreadLocalMain {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new ThreadLocalTest().start();
    }
}

输出:
Thread-0  3001ms
Thread-1  4001ms

void set(T value)
设置当前线程的线程局部变量的值

T get()
返回当前线程所对应的线程局部变量

void remove()
将当前线程局部变量的值删除

initialValue
为ThreadLocal赋初值;如果set方法没有被调用,ThreadLocalMap未被创建,此时使用threadLocal.get()方法得到的值为初始值,即initialValue返回的数值,使用方式如下:

private ThreadLocal<Long> threadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Long>() {
        @Override
        protected Long initialValue() {
            return 0L;
        }
    };

三、实现原理

首先大致介绍一下ThreadLocal的具体结构~
每一个线程Tread会持有一个ThreadLocalMap,ThreadLocalMap在ThreadLocal中定义;该ThreadLocalMap可以通过threadLocal.getMap(Thread t)拿到;ThreadLocalMap本身维护了一个Entry数组,存储键值对,键为ThreadLocal对象,Value为我们需要设置和获取的值;由于一个Thread只有一个ThreadLocalMap,因此当一个Thread中使用多个ThreadLocal时,不同的ThreadLocal会通过hash&&length-1的方式插入到Entry中。

1、set方法

set方法作用为,拿到当前线程的ThreadLocalMap,如果没有则创建;拿到ThreadLocal对应的下标位置,插入Value;

	public void set(T value) {
		//获取当前的线程,这里为调用set方法所在线程
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
		//通过当前线程对象拿到ThreadLocalMap
		//==>分析一
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null)
			//如果map不为空,将Value设置到map中
			//==> 分析二
            map.set(this, value);
        else
			//首次调用set函数,创建ThreadLocalMap
			//==> 分析三
            createMap(t, value);
    }
	
	==>分析一
	ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
		//拿到Thread中的threadLocals,默认为空
        return t.threadLocals;
    }
	
	Thread类中
	/* ThreadLocal values pertaining to this thread. This map is maintained
     * by the ThreadLocal class. */
    ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap threadLocals = null;
	
	==>分析二
	ThreadLocalMap中的set方法,ThreadLocalMap存在于ThreadLocal中
		/**
         * Set the value associated with key.
         *
         * @param key the thread local object
         * @param value the value to be set
         */
        private void set(ThreadLocal<?> key, Object value) {

            // We don't use a fast path as with get() because it is at
            // least as common to use set() to create new entries as
            // it is to replace existing ones, in which case, a fast
            // path would fail more often than not.

            Entry[] tab = table;
            int len = tab.length;
			//key 为当前ThreadLocal自身,这里做hash运算并且&len-1得到当前ThreadLocal对象对应
			//在ThreadLocalMap(Entry数组)中的位置
            int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
			//遍历Entry数组,如果当前位置存在,则更新value
			//如果当前位置不存在,则插入
            for (Entry e = tab[i];
                 e != null;
                 e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
                ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();

                if (k == key) {
                    e.value = value;
                    return;
                }

                if (k == null) {
                    replaceStaleEntry(key, value, i);
                    return;
                }
            }
			//没有遍历成功,创建新值
            tab[i] = new Entry(key, value);
            int sz = ++size;
            if (!cleanSomeSlots(i, sz) && sz >= threshold)
                rehash();
        }
		
		==>分析三
		创建ThreadLocalMap
        void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
			t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
		}
		
		ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocal<?> firstKey, Object firstValue) {
			//构建Entry数组,默认初始大小为16
            table = new Entry[INITIAL_CAPACITY];
            int i = firstKey.threadLocalHashCode & (INITIAL_CAPACITY - 1);
            table[i] = new Entry(firstKey, firstValue);
            size = 1;
            setThreshold(INITIAL_CAPACITY);
        }
	

set 方法流程图
set函数

2、get方法

get方法主要作用为获取到当前线程持有的ThreadLocalHashMap;再根据当前的ThreadLocal对象从Entry数组中拿到指定的Value。源码分析如下:

	public T get() {
		//先通过当前线程对象,拿到对应的ThreadLocalMap
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null) {
			//如果map不为空,则根据当前ThreadLocal对象,拿到Entry对象
			//分析一
            ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
            if (e != null) {
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                T result = (T)e.value;
                return result;
            }
        }
        //设置初始值,详见第4点
        return setInitialValue();
    }
	
	// 分析一
	private Entry getEntry(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
		//找到key对应Entry数组中的下标
        int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (table.length - 1);
        Entry e = table[i];
        if (e != null && e.get() == key)
            return e;
        else
            return getEntryAfterMiss(key, i, e);
    }

3、remove方法

remove方法的作用为移除当前Entry数组中的元素

public void remove() {
	//拿到当前线程所对应的ThreadLocalMap
     ThreadLocalMap m = getMap(Thread.currentThread());
     if (m != null)
       //移除当前ThreadLocal对应的Entry
       //分析一
       m.remove(this);
 }

	private void remove(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
			//拿到当前的Entry数组
            Entry[] tab = table;
            int len = tab.length;
            //拿到ThreadLocal对应的数组下标
            int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
            for (Entry e = tab[i];
                 e != null;
                 e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
                if (e.get() == key) {
                    e.clear();
                    expungeStaleEntry(i);
                    return;
                }
            }
        }

4、initialValue

初始化方法

	//如果需要设置初始值,该方法需要自己实现;
	protected T initialValue() {
        return null;
    }
    
    private T setInitialValue() {
    	//调用initialValue拿到初始值
        T value = initialValue();
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null)
        	//向ThreadLocalMap中设置初始值
            map.set(this, value);
        else
            createMap(t, value);
        return value;
    }

四、ThreadLocal的隐患以及InheritableThreadLocal

ThreadLocal的虽然功能强大,但存在过度设计导致一些隐患的发生;

1、内存泄漏

	static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal<?>> {
            /** The value associated with this ThreadLocal. */
            Object value;

            Entry(ThreadLocal<?> k, Object v) {
                super(k);
                value = v;
            }
        }

ThreadLocalMap的Entry数组的Key是弱引用,在GC时会被回收掉;但Entry的值Value是强引用,所以就会导致出现Key为nul的Entry数据出现。

2、脏数据

造成脏数据的主要原因在于,使用者调用set函数设置值后,没有显示调用remove方法释放数据,当使用线程池复用Thread对象时,会造成Thread对象中的threadLocals也会被复用。导致Thread对象在执行其他任务时通过get()方法获取到的是之前Thread任务设置的数据,产生脏数据。

1、2的解决:
在任务结束后显示调用remove方法,将当前任务中的数据清除。

3、子线程如何访问父线程中的局部变量?

ThreadLocal用于同一个线程内,只能在当前类中使用;但在实际开发中,很多会在线程中继续创建子线程,那么这时候子线程就获取不到ThreadLocal数据。
InheritableThreadLocal
简单使用

public class Test {
    private InheritableThreadLocal<String> inheritableThreadLocal = new InheritableThreadLocal();

    public void run(){
        new Thread(new FuRunnable()).start();
    }


    private class FuRunnable implements Runnable{
        @Override
        public void run() {
            //父线程中通过inheritableThreadLocal设置值,是可以在ZiRunnable中拿到的
            inheritableThreadLocal.set("666");
            new Thread(new ZiRunnable()).start();

        }
    }

    private class ZiRunnable implements Runnable{
        @Override
        public void run() {
            System.out.println(inheritableThreadLocal.get());
        }
    }
}

输出:666

InheritableThreadLocal继承自ThreadLocal

public class InheritableThreadLocal<T> extends ThreadLocal<T> {
    /**
     * Computes the child's initial value for this inheritable thread-local
     * variable as a function of the parent's value at the time the child
     * thread is created.  This method is called from within the parent
     * thread before the child is started.
     * <p>
     * This method merely returns its input argument, and should be overridden
     * if a different behavior is desired.
     *
     * @param parentValue the parent thread's value
     * @return the child thread's initial value
     */
    protected T childValue(T parentValue) {
        return parentValue;
    }

    /**
     * Get the map associated with a ThreadLocal.
     *
     * @param t the current thread
     */
    ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
       return t.inheritableThreadLocals;
    }

    /**
     * Create the map associated with a ThreadLocal.
     *
     * @param t the current thread
     * @param firstValue value for the initial entry of the table.
     */
    void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
        t.inheritableThreadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
    }
}

讲ThreadLocal的时候说过,每个Thread当中会维护一个ThreadLocalMap;其实每个Thread除了维护一个ThreadLocalMap之外,还有一个inheritableThreadLocals,这个对象本身也是一个ThreadLocalMap,但只有在线程之间传值当中使用。
Thread创建后,会调用到init函数

Thread parent = currentThread();
...
if (inheritThreadLocals && parent.inheritableThreadLocals != null)
            this.inheritableThreadLocals =
                ThreadLocal.createInheritedMap(parent.inheritableThreadLocals);

parent代表当前调用创建线程方法所在的线程,即父线程;当父线程的inheritableThreadLocals不为空时,会将其inheritableThreadLocals通过createInheritedMap传递给子线程;

	//parentMap是父线程传过来的
	static ThreadLocalMap createInheritedMap(ThreadLocalMap parentMap) {
        return new ThreadLocalMap(parentMap);
    }
    //遍历父线程ThreadLocalMap中的Entry,将其中的元素全部赋给新的Entry数组table
    private ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocalMap parentMap) {
            Entry[] parentTable = parentMap.table;
            int len = parentTable.length;
            setThreshold(len);
            table = new Entry[len];

            for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) {
                Entry e = parentTable[j];
                if (e != null) {
                    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                    ThreadLocal<Object> key = (ThreadLocal<Object>) e.get();
                    if (key != null) {
                        Object value = key.childValue(e.value);
                        Entry c = new Entry(key, value);
                        int h = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len - 1);
                        while (table[h] != null)
                            h = nextIndex(h, len);
                        table[h] = c;
                        size++;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

此时ThreadLocal的table数组已经被赋值为当前线程的父线程中Entry中的数据;再发生get方法时,getMap就是inheritableThreadLocals,其对应的Entry数据就是父线程传递过来的数据。

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