Note - Natural Language Processing with Python (Chapter6)

import nltk
from nltk.corpus import names, movie_reviews, brown
import random
from nltk.classify import apply_features
import math

# Gender Identification
names = ([(name, 'male') for name in names.words('male.txt')] +
         [(name, 'female') for name in names.words('female.txt')])
random.shuffle(names)
print(len(names))


def gender_features(word):
    return {'last_letter': word[-1], 'first_letter': word[0], 'length': len(word)}


print(gender_features('Shrek'))

featuresets = [(gender_features(n), g) for (n, g) in names]
train_set, test_set = featuresets[500:], featuresets[:500]
classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
print(classifier.classify(gender_features('Trinity')))
print(classifier.classify(gender_features('Neo')))
print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, train_set))
print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, test_set))
print(classifier.show_most_informative_features(5))


# Choosing the Right Features
def gender_features2(name):
    features = {}
    features["firstletter"] = name[0].lower()
    features["lastletter"] = name[-1].lower()
    for letter in 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz':
        features["count(%s)" % letter] = name.lower().count(letter)
        features["has(%s)" % letter] = (letter in name.lower())
    return features
print(gender_features2('John'))

train_set = apply_features(gender_features2, names[500:])
test_set = apply_features(gender_features2, names[:500])
classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, train_set))
print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, test_set))
print(classifier.show_most_informative_features(5))


train_names = names[1500:]
devtest_names = names[500:1500]
test_names = names[:500]

train_set = [(gender_features(n), g) for (n, g) in train_names]
devtest_set = [(gender_features(n), g) for (n, g) in devtest_names]
test_set = [(gender_features(n), g) for (n, g) in test_names]
classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, devtest_set))


errors = []
for (name, tag) in devtest_names:
    guess = classifier.classify(gender_features(name))
    if guess != tag:
        errors.append((tag, guess, name))
for (tag, guess, name) in sorted(errors): # doctest: +ELLIPSIS +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
    print('correct=%-8s guess=%-8s name=%-30s' % (tag, guess, name))

def gender_features(word):
    return {'suffix1': word[-1:],
            'suffix2': word[-2:]}

train_set = [(gender_features(n), g) for (n, g) in train_names]
devtest_set = [(gender_features(n), g) for (n, g) in devtest_names]
classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, devtest_set))


# Document Classification
documents = [(list(movie_reviews.words(fileid)), category)
             for category in movie_reviews.categories()
             for fileid in movie_reviews.fileids(category)]
random.shuffle(documents)

all_words = nltk.FreqDist(w.lower() for w in movie_reviews.words())
word_features = [key for key, _ in all_words.most_common(2000)]
# word_features = list(all_words)[:2000]

def document_features(document):
    document_words = set(document)
    features = {}
    for word in word_features:
        features['contains({})'.format(word)] = (word in document_words)
    return features
print(document_features(movie_reviews.words('pos/cv957_8737.txt')))

featuresets = [(document_features(d), c) for (d, c) in documents]
train_set, test_set = featuresets[100:], featuresets[:100]
classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, test_set))
print(classifier.show_most_informative_features(5))


# Part-of-Speech Tagging
suffix_fdist = nltk.FreqDist()
for word in brown.words():
    word = word.lower()
    suffix_fdist[word[-1:]] += 1
    suffix_fdist[word[-2:]] += 1
    suffix_fdist[word[-3:]] += 1
common_suffixes = [key for key, _ in suffix_fdist.most_common(100)]
print(common_suffixes)


def pos_features(word):
    features = {}
    for suffix in common_suffixes:
        features['endswith({})'.format(suffix)] = word.lower().endswith(suffix)
    return features

tagged_words = brown.tagged_words(categories='news')
featuresets = [(pos_features(n), g) for (n, g) in tagged_words]
size = int(len(featuresets) * 0.1)
train_set, test_set = featuresets[size:], featuresets[:size]
classifier = nltk.DecisionTreeClassifier.train(train_set)
print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, test_set))
print(classifier.classify(pos_features('cats')))
print(classifier.pseudocode(depth=4))


# Exploiting Context
def pos_features(sentence, i):
    features = {"suffix(1)": sentence[i][-1:],
                "suffix(2)": sentence[i][-2:],
                "suffix(3)": sentence[i][-3:]}
    if i == 0:
        features["prev-word"] = "<START>"
    else:
        features["prev-word"] = sentence[i-1]
    return features
print(pos_features(brown.sents()[0], 8))

tagged_sents = brown.tagged_sents(categories='news')
featuresets = []
for tagged_sent in tagged_sents:
    untagged_sent = nltk.tag.untag(tagged_sent)
    for i, (word, tag) in enumerate(tagged_sent):
        featuresets.append((pos_features(untagged_sent, i), tag) )
size = int(len(featuresets) * 0.1)
train_set, test_set = featuresets[size:], featuresets[:size]
classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, test_set))


# Sequence Classification
def pos_features(sentence, i, history):
    features = {"suffix(1)": sentence[i][-1:],
                "suffix(2)": sentence[i][-2:],
                "suffix(3)": sentence[i][-3:]
                }
    if i == 0:
        features["prev-word"] = "<START>"
        features["prev-tag"] = "<START>"
    else:
        features["prev-word"] = sentence[i-1]
        features["prev-tag"] = history[i-1]
    return features
class ConsecutivePosTagger(nltk.TaggerI):
    def __init__(self, train_sents):
        train_set = []
        for tagged_sent in train_sents:
            untagged_sent = nltk.tag.untag(tagged_sent)
            history = []
            for i, (word, tag) in enumerate(tagged_sent):
                featureset = pos_features(untagged_sent, i, history)
                train_set.append( (featureset, tag) )
                history.append(tag)
        self.classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
    def tag(self, sentence):
        history = []
        for i, word in enumerate(sentence):
            featureset = pos_features(sentence, i, history)
            tag = self.classifier.classify(featureset)
            history.append(tag)
        return zip(sentence, history)
tagged_sents = brown.tagged_sents(categories='news')
size = int(len(tagged_sents) * 0.1)
train_sents, test_sents = tagged_sents[size:], tagged_sents[:size]
tagger = ConsecutivePosTagger(train_sents)
print(tagger.evaluate(test_sents))


# Sentence Segmentation
sents = nltk.corpus.treebank_raw.sents()
tokens = []
boundaries = set()
offset = 0
for sent in nltk.corpus.treebank_raw.sents():
    tokens.extend(sent)
    offset += len(sent)
    boundaries.add(offset - 1)


def punct_features(tokens, i):
    return {'next-word-capitalized': tokens[i + 1][0].isupper(),
            'prevword': tokens[i - 1].lower(),
            'punct': tokens[i],
            'prev-word-is-one-char': len(tokens[i - 1]) == 1
            }


featuresets = [(punct_features(tokens, i), (i in boundaries))
               for i in range(1, len(tokens) - 1)
               if tokens[i] in '.?!'
               ]
size = int(len(featuresets) * 0.1)
train_set, test_set = featuresets[size:], featuresets[:size]
classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, test_set))
print(classifier.classify(punct_features(['i', 'like', 'bxg', '.', '.'], 3)))


def segment_sentences(words):
    start = 0
    sents = []
    for i, word in enumerate(words):
        print(i, word)
        if word in '.?!' and classifier.classify(punct_features(words, i)) == True:
            sents.append(words[start:i + 1])
            start = i + 1
    if start < len(words):
        sents.append(words[start:])
    return sents


sents = segment_sentences(['i', 'like', 'bxg', '.', 'Do', 'you', 'like', 'it', '?', ' '])
print(sents)


# Identifying Dialogue Act Types
posts = nltk.corpus.nps_chat.xml_posts()[:10000]
def dialogue_act_features(post):
    features = {}
    for word in nltk.word_tokenize(post):
        features['contains(%s)' % word.lower()] = True
    return features
featuresets = [(dialogue_act_features(post.text), post.get('class'))
               for post in posts]
size = int(len(featuresets) * 0.1)
train_set, test_set = featuresets[size:], featuresets[:size]
classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, test_set))


# Recognizing Textual Entailment
def rte_features(rtepair):
    extractor = nltk.RTEFeatureExtractor(rtepair)
    features = {}
    features['word_overlap'] = len(extractor.overlap('word'))
    features['word_hyp_extra'] = len(extractor.hyp_extra('word'))
    features['ne_overlap'] = len(extractor.overlap('ne'))
    features['ne_hyp_extra'] = len(extractor.hyp_extra('ne'))
    return features
rtepair = nltk.corpus.rte.pairs(['rte3_dev.xml'])[0]
extractor = nltk.RTEFeatureExtractor(rtepair)
print(extractor.text_words)
print(extractor.hyp_words)
print(extractor.overlap('word'))
print(extractor.overlap('ne'))
print(extractor.hyp_extra('word'))
print(extractor.hyp_extra('ne'))


# The Test Set
tagged_sents = list(brown.tagged_sents(categories='news'))
random.shuffle(tagged_sents)
size = int(len(tagged_sents) * 0.1)
train_set, test_set = tagged_sents[size:], tagged_sents[:size]

file_ids = brown.fileids(categories='news')
size = int(len(file_ids) * 0.1)
train_set = brown.tagged_sents(file_ids[size:])
test_set = brown.tagged_sents(file_ids[:size])

train_set = brown.tagged_sents(categories='news')
test_set = brown.tagged_sents(categories='fiction')


# Accuracy
classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
print('Accuracy: %4.2f' % nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, test_set))


# Confusion Matrices

brown_tagged_sents = brown.tagged_sents(categories='news')
brown_sents = brown.sents(categories='news')
size = int(len(brown_tagged_sents) * 0.9)
train_sents, test_sents = brown_tagged_sents[:size], brown_tagged_sents[size:]

t0 = nltk.DefaultTagger('NN')
t1 = nltk.UnigramTagger(train_sents, backoff=t0)
t2 = nltk.BigramTagger(train_sents, cutoff=2, backoff=t1)

def tag_list(tagged_sents):
    return [tag for sent in tagged_sents for (word, tag) in sent]
def apply_tagger(tagger, corpus):
    return [tagger.tag(nltk.tag.untag(sent)) for sent in corpus]
gold = tag_list(brown.tagged_sents(categories='editorial'))
test = tag_list(apply_tagger(t2, brown.tagged_sents(categories='editorial')))
cm = nltk.ConfusionMatrix(gold, test)
print(cm.pretty_format(sort_by_count=True, show_percents=True, truncate=9))


# Entropy and Information Gain
def entropy(labels):
    freqdist = nltk.FreqDist(labels)
    probs = [freqdist.freq(l) for l in nltk.FreqDist(labels)]
    return -sum([p * math.log(p, 2) for p in probs])
print(entropy(['male', 'male', 'male', 'male']))
print(entropy(['male', 'female', 'male', 'male']))
print(entropy(['female', 'male', 'female', 'male']))

Question:

In 3.1 The Test Set

What's worse, because of the call to random.shuffle(), the test set contains sentences that are taken from the same documents that were used for training.

不太明白为什么打乱顺序后，测试集中会包含训练集中的文档。shuffle操作的作用不就只是打乱顺序吗？还望大家不吝赐教~