【MySQL索引列最佳实践】

示例表的创建

CREATE TABLE `employees` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` varchar(24) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '姓名',
  `age` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '年龄',
  `position` varchar(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '职位',
  `hire_time` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP COMMENT '入职时间',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `idx_name_age_position` (`name`,`age`,`position`) USING BTREE
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=7 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='员工记录表';

INSERT INTO `employees`(`id`,`name`,`age`,`position`,`hire_time`)VALUES( 4,'LiLei',22,'manager',CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);

INSERT INTO `employees`(`id`,`name`,`age`,`position`,`hire_time`)VALUES( 5,'HanMeimei',23,'dev',CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);

INSERT INTO `employees`(`id`,`name`,`age`,`position`,`hire_time`)VALUES( 6,'Lucy',23,'dev',CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);

全值匹配

## 全值匹配
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei';
## idx_name_age_position
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 22;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 22 AND position ='manager';

最左前缀法则

如果建立了组合索引，要遵守最左前缀法则。查询从组合索引的最左前列开始并且不跳过索引中的列。

# 最左匹配原则
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = 'LiLei' and age = 22;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE age = 30 AND position = 'dev';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE position = 'manager';

不在索引列上做任何操作

（计算、函数、（自动or手动）类型转换），会导致索引失效而转向全表扫描

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = 'LiLei';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE left(name,3) = 'LiLei';

存储引擎不能使用索引中范围条件右边的列

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 22 AND position ='manager';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age > 22 AND position ='manager';

尽量使用覆盖索引

（只访问索引的查询（索引列包含查询列）），减少 select * 语句

EXPLAIN SELECT name,age FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 23 AND position='manager';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 23 AND position ='manager';

不等于会使索引失效

mysql在使用不等于（！=或者<>），not in ，not exists 的时候无法使用索引会导致全表扫描 < 小于、 > 大于、 <=、>= 这些，mysql内部优化器会根据检索比例、表大小等多个因素整体评估是否使用索引

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name != 'LiLei';

is null, is not null 也无法使用索引

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name is null;

like以通配符开头（’$abc…’）mysql索引失效会变成全表扫描操作

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name like '%Lei'

字符串不加单引号索引失效

因为 name 为字符串类型，MySql 会做隐式的类型转换，做了类型的转换，所以不会去走索引；

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = '1000'; #会走索引
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = 1000;   #不会走索引

少用or或in

用它查询时，mysql不一定使用索引，mysql内部优化器会根据检索比例、表大小等多个因素整体评估是否使用索引，详见范围查询优化

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = 'LiLei' or name = 'HanMeimei';

范围查询优化

给年龄添加单值索引 ： ALTER TABLE employees ADD INDEX idx_age (age) USING BTREE ;

explain select * from employees where age >=1 and age <=2000; 

从执行计划的结果可以看出，以上的范围查找不会走索引；
没走索引原因：mysql内部优化器会根据检索比例、表大小等多个因素整体评估是否使用索引。比如这个例子，可能是由于单次数据量查询过大导致优化器最终选择不走索引
优化方法：可以将大的范围拆分成多个小范围

explain select * from employees where age >=1 and age <=1000;
explain select * from employees where age >=1001 and age <=2000;