MySQL索引列最佳实践
示例表的创建
CREATE TABLE `employees` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` varchar(24) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '姓名',
`age` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '年龄',
`position` varchar(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '职位',
`hire_time` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP COMMENT '入职时间',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `idx_name_age_position` (`name`,`age`,`position`) USING BTREE
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=7 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='员工记录表';
INSERT INTO `employees`(`id`,`name`,`age`,`position`,`hire_time`)VALUES( 4,'LiLei',22,'manager',CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);
INSERT INTO `employees`(`id`,`name`,`age`,`position`,`hire_time`)VALUES( 5,'HanMeimei',23,'dev',CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);
INSERT INTO `employees`(`id`,`name`,`age`,`position`,`hire_time`)VALUES( 6,'Lucy',23,'dev',CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);
全值匹配
## 全值匹配
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei';
## idx_name_age_position
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 22;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 22 AND position ='manager';
最左前缀法则
如果建立了组合索引,要遵守最左前缀法则。查询从组合索引的最左前列开始并且不跳过索引中的列。
# 最左匹配原则
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = 'LiLei' and age = 22;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE age = 30 AND position = 'dev';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE position = 'manager';
不在索引列上做任何操作
(计算、函数、(自动or手动)类型转换),会导致索引失效而转向全表扫描
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = 'LiLei';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE left(name,3) = 'LiLei';
存储引擎不能使用索引中范围条件右边的列
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 22 AND position ='manager';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age > 22 AND position ='manager';
尽量使用覆盖索引
(只访问索引的查询(索引列包含查询列)),减少 select * 语句
EXPLAIN SELECT name,age FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 23 AND position='manager';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 23 AND position ='manager';
不等于会使索引失效
mysql在使用不等于(!=或者<>),not in ,not exists 的时候无法使用索引会导致全表扫描 < 小于、 > 大于、 <=、>= 这些,mysql内部优化器会根据检索比例、表大小等多个因素整体评估是否使用索引
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name != 'LiLei';
is null, is not null 也无法使用索引
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name is null;
like以通配符开头(’$abc…’)mysql索引失效会变成全表扫描操作
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name like '%Lei'
字符串不加单引号索引失效
因为 name 为字符串类型,MySql 会做隐式的类型转换,做了类型的转换,所以不会去走索引;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = '1000'; #会走索引
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = 1000; #不会走索引
少用or或in
用它查询时,mysql不一定使用索引,mysql内部优化器会根据检索比例、表大小等多个因素整体评估是否使用索引,详见范围查询优化
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = 'LiLei' or name = 'HanMeimei';
范围查询优化
给年龄添加单值索引 : ALTER TABLE employees
ADD INDEX idx_age
(age
) USING BTREE ;
explain select * from employees where age >=1 and age <=2000;
从执行计划的结果可以看出,以上的范围查找不会走索引;
没走索引原因:mysql内部优化器会根据检索比例、表大小等多个因素整体评估是否使用索引。比如这个例子,可能是由于单次数据量查询过大导致优化器最终选择不走索引
优化方法:可以将大的范围拆分成多个小范围
explain select * from employees where age >=1 and age <=1000;
explain select * from employees where age >=1001 and age <=2000;