威尔金森功分器基本原理
威尔金森功率分配器的功能是将输入信号等分或不等分的分配到各个输出端口,并保持相同输出相位。环形器虽然有类似功能,但威尔金森功率分配器在应用上具有更宽的带宽。微带形功分器的电路结构如图所示,其中,输入端口特性阻抗为 Z 0 Z_0 Z0,两段分支微带线电长度为 λ / 4 \lambda/4 λ/4,特性阻抗分别为 Z 02 Z_{02} Z02和 Z 03 Z_{03} Z03,终端分别接负载 R 2 R_2 R2和 R 3 R_3 R3。
功分器各个端口特性如下:
- 端口1无反射
- 端口2、端口3输出电压相等且同相
- 端口2、端口3输出功率比值为任意指定值 1 / k 2 1/k^2 1/k2
已知
1 Z i n 2 + 1 Z i n 3 = 1 Z 0 ( 1 ) \frac{1}{Z_{in2} } + \frac{1}{Z_{in3} } =\frac{1}{Z_0} (1) Zin21+Zin31=Z01(1)
k 2 = P 3 P 2 ( 2 ) k^{2} = \frac{P3}{P2} (2) k2=P2P3(2)
P 2 = U 2 2 2 R 2 ( 3 ) P_2 = \frac{U_2^2}{2R_2} (3) P2=2R2U22(3)
P 3 = U 3 2 2 R 3 ( 4 ) P_3 = \frac{U_3^2}{2R_3} (4) P3=2R3U32(4)
U 2 = U 3 ( 5 ) U_2 = U_3 (5) U2=U3(5)
四分之一波长传输线阻抗变换理论得
Z i n 2 × R 2 = Z 02 2 ( 6 ) Z_{in2} \times R_2 = Z_{02}^{2} (6) Zin2×R2=Z022(6)
Z i n 3 × R 3 = Z 03 2 ( 7 ) Z_{in3} \times R_3 = Z_{03}^{2} (7) Zin3×R3=Z032(7)
由(2)式可知:
k 2 = P 3 P 2 = R 2 R 3 = Z 02 Z 03 ( 8 ) k^{2} = \frac{P3}{P2} = \frac{R2}{R3} = \frac{Z_{02} }{Z_{03} } (8) k2=P2P3=R3R2=Z03Z02(8)
设 R 2 = k Z 0 ( 9 ) R_2 = kZ_0 (9) R2=kZ0(9)
则 R 3 = Z 0 k ( 10 ) R_3 = \frac{Z_0}{k} (10) R3=kZ0(10)
将(9)(10)代入(6)(7)中
得
Z i n 2 × k Z 0 = Z 02 2 ( 11 ) Z_{in2} \times kZ_0 = Z_{02}^{2} (11) Zin2×kZ0=Z022(11)
Z i n 3 × Z 0 k = Z 03 2 ( 12 ) Z_{in3} \times \frac{Z_0}{k} = Z_{03}^{2} (12) Zin3×kZ0=Z032(12)
将(11)(12)代入(1)中
得
k Z 0 Z 02 2 + Z 0 Z 03 2 k = 1 Z 0 ( 13 ) \frac{kZ_{0} }{Z_{02}^{2} } +\frac{Z_0}{Z_{03}^{2}k } = \frac{1}{Z_0} (13) Z022kZ0+Z032kZ0=Z01(13)
将(8)代入(13)中
得
Z 02 = Z 0 k ( 1 + k 2 ) ( 14 ) Z_{02} = Z_0\sqrt{k(1+k^2)} (14) Z02=Z0k(1+k2)(14)
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Z_{03} = Z_0\sqrt{\frac{(1+k^2)}{k^3} } (15)
Z03=Z0k3(1+k2)(15)
详细的公式推导
为了增加隔离度,在端口2和端口3之间贴加了隔离电阻,阻值为
R = Z 0 ( k + 1 k ) ( 16 ) R=Z_0(k+\frac{1}{k} ) (16) R=Z0(k+k1)(16)
k=1时,功率等分。