杭电ACM OJ 1043 Eight 八数码 8种方法 花式解决

Eight

Time Limit: 10000/5000 MS (Java/Others)    Memory Limit: 65536/32768 K (Java/Others)
Total Submission(s): 27216    Accepted Submission(s): 7257
Special Judge

Problem Description

The 15-puzzle has been around for over 100 years; even if you don't know it by that name, you've seen it. It is constructed with 15 sliding tiles, each with a number from 1 to 15 on it, and all packed into a 4 by 4 frame with one tile missing. Let's call the missing tile 'x'; the object of the puzzle is to arrange the tiles so that they are ordered as: 

 1  2  3  4
 5  6  7  8
 9 10 11 12
13 14 15  x

where the only legal operation is to exchange 'x' with one of the tiles with which it shares an edge. As an example, the following sequence of moves solves a slightly scrambled puzzle: 

 1  2  3  4     1  2  3  4     1  2  3  4     1  2  3  4
 5  6  7  8     5  6  7  8     5  6  7  8     5  6  7  8
 9  x 10 12     9 10  x 12     9 10 11 12     9 10 11 12
13 14 11 15    13 14 11 15    13 14  x 15    13 14 15  x
            r->            d->            r->

The letters in the previous row indicate which neighbor of the 'x' tile is swapped with the 'x' tile at each step; legal values are 'r','l','u' and 'd', for right, left, up, and down, respectively. 

Not all puzzles can be solved; in 1870, a man named Sam Loyd was famous for distributing an unsolvable version of the puzzle, and 
frustrating many people. In fact, all you have to do to make a regular puzzle into an unsolvable one is to swap two tiles (not counting the missing 'x' tile, of course). 

In this problem, you will write a program for solving the less well-known 8-puzzle, composed of tiles on a three by three 
arrangement.

 

Input

You will receive, several descriptions of configuration of the 8 puzzle. One description is just a list of the tiles in their initial positions, with the rows listed from top to bottom, and the tiles listed from left to right within a row, where the tiles are represented by numbers 1 to 8, plus 'x'. For example, this puzzle 

1 2 3 
x 4 6 
7 5 8 

is described by this list: 

1 2 3 x 4 6 7 5 8

 

Output

You will print to standard output either the word ``unsolvable'', if the puzzle has no solution, or a string consisting entirely of the letters 'r', 'l', 'u' and 'd' that describes a series of moves that produce a solution. The string should include no spaces and start at the beginning of the line. Do not print a blank line between cases.

 

Sample Input

  
  

   
   2  3  4  1  5  x  7  6  8
  
  

 

Sample Output

ullddrurdllurdruldr

翻译：
2 3 4
1 5 x
7 6 8
是我们的目标状态
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
是我们的起始状态

u=up
l=left
d=down
r=right
输出就是输出找到后的方向，否则就是没找到，输出unsolved

思路：
可以用反向bfs，从结果出发，找到这个状态。也可以双向bfs。也可以A*，也可以IDA*。
1.暴力反向BFS+存状态http://blog.csdn.net/qq_36523667/article/details/78787668
2.暴力反向BFS+康托展开判重http://blog.csdn.net/qq_36523667/article/details/78790957
3.暴力反向BFS+康托展开判重+打表http://blog.csdn.net/qq_36523667/article/details/78793695
4.暴力反向BFS+康托展开判重+打表+回溯记录路径http://blog.csdn.net/qq_36523667/article/details/78797657
5.双向BFS+康托展开判重+回溯记录路径http://blog.csdn.net/qq_36523667/article/details/78797920
6.双向BFS+康托展开判重+回溯记录路径+逆序数判无解http://blog.csdn.net/qq_36523667/article/details/78798188
7.A*之曼哈顿+康托展开判重+回溯记录路径+逆序数判无解http://blog.csdn.net/qq_36523667/article/details/78805842
8.IDA*+逆序数判无解http://blog.csdn.net/qq_36523667/article/details/78805994
（请按顺序看哦，这是逐步深入的8中方法，每种都对各种知识有很详细的介绍和很严格的证明）