Java设计模式之状态模式

一、概念

       状态模式：允许对象在内部状态改变时改变它的行为，对象看起来好像修改了它的类。

关系图：

二、应用实例

1.糖果贩卖机程序

关系图：

代码实现：

State接口

/**
 * Created by 韩信 on 2017-11-22.
 */
public interface State {
    void insertQuarter();
    void ejectQuarter();
    void turnCrank();
    void dispense();
}

HasQuarterState类

/**
 * Created by 韩信 on 2017-11-22.
 */
public class HasQuarterState implements State {
    GumBallMachine gumBallMachine;
    public HasQuarterState(GumBallMachine gumBallMachine){
        this.gumBallMachine = gumBallMachine;
    }
    @Override
    public void insertQuarter() {
        System.out.println("You can not inserted another quarrter");
    }

    @Override
    public void ejectQuarter() {
        System.out.println("Quarter returned");
        gumBallMachine.setState(gumBallMachine.getNoQuarterState());
    }

    @Override
    public void turnCrank() {
        System.out.println("You turned...... ");
        gumBallMachine.setState(gumBallMachine.getSoldState());
    }

    @Override
    public void dispense() {
        System.out.println("No gumball dispensed");
    }
}

NoQuarterState类

/**
 * Created by 韩信 on 2017-11-22.
 */
public class NoQuarterState implements State{
    GumBallMachine gumBallMachine;
    public NoQuarterState(GumBallMachine gumBallMachine){
        this.gumBallMachine = gumBallMachine;
    }
    @Override
    public void insertQuarter() {
        System.out.println("You inserted a quarrter");
        gumBallMachine.setState(gumBallMachine.getHasQuarterState());
    }

    @Override
    public void ejectQuarter() {
        System.out.println("You have not inserted a quarter");

    }

    @Override
    public void turnCrank() {
        System.out.println("You turn ,but there is no quarter");
    }

    @Override
    public void dispense() {
        System.out.println("You need to pay first");
    }
}

SoldOutState类

/**
 * Created by 韩信 on 2017-11-22.
 */
public class SoldOutState implements State {
    GumBallMachine gumBallMachine;
    public SoldOutState(GumBallMachine gumBallMachine){
        this.gumBallMachine = gumBallMachine;
    }
    @Override
    public void insertQuarter() {
        System.out.println("You can not inserted a quarrter");
        gumBallMachine.setState(gumBallMachine.getSoldState());
    }

    @Override
    public void ejectQuarter() {
        System.out.println("You have not inserted a quarter");

    }

    @Override
    public void turnCrank() {
        System.out.println("You turn ,but there is no quarter");
    }

    @Override
    public void dispense() {
        System.out.println("You need to pay first");
    }
}

SoldState类

/**
 * Created by 韩信 on 2017-11-22.
 */
public class SoldState implements State {
    GumBallMachine gumBallMachine;
    public SoldState(GumBallMachine gumBallMachine){
        this.gumBallMachine = gumBallMachine;
    }
    @Override
    public void insertQuarter() {
        System.out.println("please wait,we are already giving you a gumball");
    }

    @Override
    public void ejectQuarter() {
        System.out.println("Sorry,you already turned the carnk");

    }

    @Override
    public void turnCrank() {
        System.out.println("Turning twice does not get you another gumball");
    }

    @Override
    public void dispense() {
        gumBallMachine.release();
        if(gumBallMachine.getCount()>0){
            gumBallMachine.setState(gumBallMachine.getNoQuarterState());
        }else{
            System.out.println("Oops,out of gumballs!");
            gumBallMachine.setState(gumBallMachine.getSoldOutState());
        }
    }
}

GumBallMachine类

/**
 * Created by 韩信 on 2017-11-22.
 */
public class GumBallMachine {
    private State hasQuarterState;
    private State soldOutState;
    private State noQuarterState;
    private State soldState;
    private State state = soldOutState;
    int count = 0;

    public GumBallMachine(int count){
        this.hasQuarterState = new HasQuarterState(this);
        this.soldOutState = new SoldOutState(this);
        this.noQuarterState = new NoQuarterState(this);
        this.soldState = new SoldState(this);
        if(count>0){
            state = noQuarterState;
        }
        this.count = count;
    }

    public State getState() {
        return state;
    }

    public void setState(State state) {
        this.state = state;
    }

    public State getHasQuarterState() {
        return hasQuarterState;
    }

    public void setHasQuarterState(State hasQuarterState) {
        this.hasQuarterState = hasQuarterState;
    }

    public State getSoldOutState() {
        return soldOutState;
    }

    public void setSoldOutState(State soldOutState) {
        this.soldOutState = soldOutState;
    }

    public State getNoQuarterState() {
        return noQuarterState;
    }

    public void setNoQuarterState(State noQuarterState) {
        this.noQuarterState = noQuarterState;
    }

    public State getSoldState() {
        return soldState;
    }

    public void setSoldState(State soldState) {
        this.soldState = soldState;
    }

    public void release(){
        System.out.println("A gumball comes rolling out the slot ...");
        if(count!=0){
            count = count-1;
        }
    }

    public int getCount() {
        return count;
    }

    public void setCount(int count) {
        this.count = count;
    }

    public void insertQuarter(){
        state.insertQuarter();
    }
    public void ejectQuarter(){
        state.ejectQuarter();
    }
    public void turnCrank(){
        state.turnCrank();
        state.dispense();
    }
}

测试：

/**
 * Created by 韩信 on 2017-11-22.
 */
public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        GumBallMachine g = new GumBallMachine(10);
        g.insertQuarter();
        g.turnCrank();
    }
}

三、优缺点

优点：

• 封装了转换规则。
  
• 枚举可能的状态，在枚举状态之前需要确定状态种类。
  
• 将所有与某个状态有关的行为放到一个类中，并且可以方便地增加新的状态，只需要改变对象状态即可改变对象的行为。
  
• 允许状态转换逻辑与状态对象合成一体，而不是某一个巨大的条件语句块。
  
• 可以让多个环境对象共享一个状态对象，从而减少系统中对象的个数。
  

缺点：

• 状态模式的使用必然会增加系统类和对象的个数。
  
• 状态模式的结构与实现都较为复杂，如果使用不当将导致程序结构和代码的混乱。 
  
• 状态模式对“开闭原则”的支持并不太好，对于可以切换状态的状态模式，增加新的状态类需要修改那些负责状态转换的源代码，否则无法切换到新增状态；而且修改某个状态类的行为也需修改对应类的源代码。