Lecture2:SDLC Example: RMO Tradeshow Project

Lecture 2

重点：
Part A:SDLC Example: RMO Tradeshow Project
System Vision Document
Work Breakdown Structures
Sequence Draft
Use Case Diagram
Domain Class Diagram
Activity Diagram
First Iteration Recap and Next Iteration

Part A:SDLC Example: RMO Tradeshow Project

以RMO的例子来解释SDLC的整个流程，如：第一天干嘛，第二天干嘛
一个真实的project，如何follow SDLC来完成，画各种图

System Vision Document

这个开头的问题引入什么是business problem, business need, business solution和System Vision Document有关
System Vision Document里包含问题和Solution

contains:

• Problem Description
• System Capabilities
• Business Benefits

System Vision Document的例子

System Vision Document里包含Problem问题和解决方案Solution

What is the purpose of a System Vision Document?
The System Vision Document is a brief statement which describes the overall objective of the new system. Its purpose is to provide basic information about the need and solution approach to assist the client in deciding whether to approve a development project.
系统愿景文件是一个简短的声明，描述了新系统的总体目标。它的目的是提供有关需求和解决方法的基本信息，以帮助客户决定是否批准一个开发项目。

Work Breakdown Structure

在Project Management里讲过

Sequence Draft

和AOA network的diagram是类似的

Use Case Diagram

Use case

Use Case Diagram

Domain Class Diagram

Domain Classes

Domain Class Diagram

Activity Diagram (Workflow)

Workflow – sequence of processing steps that completely handles one business transaction or customer request 完全处理一个商业交易或客户请求的处理步骤序列

Screen Layout

What makes IT project different from other types of projects? How should project managers adjust to these differences?

IT projects are different from other types of projects because they can be very diverse in terms of size and complexity, they often include team members with very diverse backgrounds and skills, and the technologies involved are also very diverse. Project managers should adjust to these differences by paying careful attention to the goals of the project and the needs of various stakeholders.
IT项目与其他类型的项目不同，因为它们在规模和复杂性方面可能非常多样化，它们通常包括具有非常不同背景和技能的团队成员，而且所涉及的技术也非常多样化。项目经理应该通过仔细关注项目的目标和各利益相关者的需求来适应这些差异。

What does it mean to take a systems view of a project? How does taking a systems view of a project apply to project management?

• Taking a systems view means looking at the big picture of how a particular project fits into the rest of the organization.
• It is important for project managers to understand the broader organizational environment to ensure their projects meet organizational needs.
• 从系统的角度来看，意味着要从大局出发，看一个特定的项目如何与组织的其他部分相适应。
• 项目经理必须了解更广泛的组织环境，以确保他们的项目满足组织需求。

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

The SDLC consisting of all activities required to build, launch, and maintain an information system. Six core processes are:

1. Identify the problem or need and obtain approval 确定问题或需求并获得批准

   • Initial Activities
     • Identify the problem or need
       • System Vision Document: Problem Description,System Capabilities, Business Benefits
     • obtain approval
       • Meet with key stakeholders, including executive management
       • Decision reached, approve plan and budget

2. Plan and monitor the project, i.e., what, how and who 计划和监测项目，即什么、如何和谁？

   • Day 1 Activities

     • Work Breakdown Structures: Describes the work and covers Core Processes 3, 4, 5, and 6
       
       
       
       

     • Work Sequence Draft: Elaborates the Work Breakdown Structure
       

3. Discover and understand the details of the problem or need 发现并了解问题或需求的细节
   • Day 2 Activities: Discover and understand details
     • Do preliminary fact-finding to understand requirements 做初步的事实调查以了解需求
     • Develop a preliminary list of use cases and a use case diagram
     • Develop a preliminary list of Domain classes and a Domian class diagram
   • Day 3 Activities: Discover and Understand Details of the problem
     • Do in-depth fact-finding to understand requirements 做深入的事实调查以了解需求
     • Understand and document the detailed workflow of each use case 理解并记录每个用例的详细工作流程
     • Define the user experience with sketches of screens and reports needed for each use case. 用每个用例所需的屏幕和报告的草图来定义用户体验。
       Build a Use Case Diagram for one subsystem
       Build an Activity Diagram (Workflow) for each use case
       Draft a Screen Layout for each use case (User Interface)

Performing in-depth fact finding to understand details is done as part of which Core Process?
ANS：3

4. Design the system components that solve the problem 设计解决该问题的系统组件
   • Day 4 Activities
     • Design the database (schema)
     • Design the system’s high level structure
       • Browser, Windows, or Smart phone
       • Architectural configuration (components)
       • Design class diagram
       • Subsystem architectural design

Design a Database Schema (Domain class diagram)

Design an Architectural Configuration Diagram 架构配置图

Design a preliminary Design Class Diagram: Includes View Layer classes and Domain Layer classes

• Day 5 Activities: Design System Components
  • Continue with design details
  • Proceed use case by use case

5. Build, test, and integrate system components 构建、测试和整合系统组件
   • Day 5 Activities:
     • Continue programming (build)
     • Build use case by use case
     • Perform unit and integration tests
6. Complete system tests and then deploy the solution 完成系统测试，然后部署解决方案

• Day 6 Activities(Final testing):
  • Perform system functional testing
  • Perform user acceptance testing
  • Possibly deploy part of system
    Flowchart for testing tasks

First Iteration Recap and Next Iteration

（期中考试选择题考到过）
This sample project was a 6-day iteration of small project

• Most projects have many more iterations
• End users need to be involved, particularly in days 1, 2, 3 and 6.
• Days 4 and 5 involved design and programming concurrently.

The second iteration will focus on the Product Information Subsystem

• Follows a similar development process of the first iteration

Part B:The Project Management and IT Context

Projects Cannot Be In Isolation

• Every project environment is unique.
• Projects must operate in a broad organizational environment
• Project managers need to use systems thinking
  • taking a holistic view (整体观) of carrying out projects within the context of the organization

Most project managers strive for strong unit integration to deliver a successful product, service, or result. An organizational culture with strong unit integration makes the project manager’s job easier.
大多数项目经理努力争取强有力的单位整合，以交付成功的产品、服务或结果。一个具有强大单位整合能力的组织文化使项目经理的工作更容易。

项目工作在组织中是最成功的，在这种组织中，工作活动是围绕着小组或团队，而不是个人组织的。强调小组工作的组织文化是管理项目的最佳选择。

Systems Approach

A systems approach emerged in the 1950s to describe a more analytical approach to management and problem solving
Three parts include:

• Systems philosophy系统理念: an overall model for thinking about things as systems
• Systems analysis: problem-solving approach
• Systems management: address business, technological, and organizational issues before making changes to systems
  

Using a systems approach is critical to successful project management. If top management and project managers are to understand how projects relate to the whole organization, they must follow a systems philosophy.
使用系统方法是成功的项目管理的关键。如果高层管理人员和项目经理要了解项目与整个组织的关系，他们必须遵循系统的理念。

Three-Sphere Model for Systems Management

• Business issues
• Technological issues
• Organizational issues

Systems management(注意不是Systems analysis) addresses the business, technological, and organizational issues associated with creating, maintaining, and modifying a system.

When you integrate business and organizational issues into project management planning and look at projects as a series of interrelated phases, you do a better job of ensuring project success.
当你将业务和组织问题纳入项目管理规划，并将项目视为一系列相互关联的阶段，你就能更好地确保项目成功。

project life cycle

A project life cycle is a collection of project phases that defines

• what work will be performed in each phase
• what deliverables will be produced and when
• who is involved in each phase, and
• how management will control and approve work produced in each phase

项目生命周期是一个项目阶段的集合，定义了

• 在每个阶段将进行哪些工作
• 哪些成果将在何时产生
• 每个阶段的参与者是谁，以及
• 管理层将如何控制和批准每个阶段的工作。

Deliverable 可交付成果

A deliverable is a product or service produced or provided as part of a project

• a technical report
• a training session
• a piece of hardware
  
  Deliverables can be product-related, such as a piece of hardware or software, or process-related, such as a planning document or meeting minutes.
  交付物可以是与产品有关的，如一件硬件或软件，也可以是与过程有关的，如一份规划文件或会议记录。

Project Phases

Early phase, Middle phase, Final phase

In early phase of a project life cycle

• resource needs are usually lowest
• the level of uncertainty (risk) is highest
• project stakeholders have the greatest opportunity to influence the project

In middle phase of a project life cycle

• the certainty of completing a project increases
• more resources are needed

The final phase of a project life cycle focuses on

• ensuring that project requirements were met
• the sponsor approves completion of the project
  

Recent Trends Affecting IT Project Management

• Globalization: 由于大型跨国公司的影响和通信的改善，世界上不同的文化和经济体系正变得相互联系和相似。
• Outsourcing(外包=Offshoring离岸外包): is when an organization acquires goods and/or sources from an outside source.
• Virtual Teams: A virtual team is a group of individuals who work across time and space using communication technologies.
  
  

What are the issues of globalization?

• Communications
• Trust

What are the issues of virtual teams?

• Isolating team members
• Communication

What are your suggestions for virtual teams?

• Trust and relationships
• Leadership
• Conflict management

project organizational structure

对于整个公司来说，项目组织结构往往是低效的。将员工全职分配给一个项目，往往会造成员工资源的利用不足和分配不当。

Detailed design-use case 详细设计-用例

Detailed design (详细设计) is the thought process of how to program each use case (用例).
详细设计是指如何对每个用例进行编程的思考过程。

workflow diagram

Design class diagram

method signatures

The project plan is required to get the project approved.
项目计划是获得项目批准的必要条件。
ANS: False