Java设计模式之中介者模式详细介绍并举例

中介者模式（Mediator Pattern）是一种行为设计模式，它定义了一组对象和一个用来与这组对象进行通信的中介对象。这组对象被称为同事（Colleague），而中介对象则被称为中介者（Mediator）。中介者模式的主要目的是降低各个同事类之间的耦合度，提高代码的可维护性和扩展性。

中介者模式的基本结构如下：

1. 抽象中介者（Mediator）：定义了一个接口，用于封装同事对象之间的所有交互。
2. 具体中介者（ConcreteMediator）：实现了抽象中介者接口，负责协调各个同事对象的交互。
3. 抽象同事（Colleague）：定义了一组接口，用于表示同事对象之间的交互。
4. 具体同事（ConcreteColleague）：实现了抽象同事接口，表示一个具体的同事对象。

下面我们通过一个简单的例子来详细介绍中介者模式。这个例子中，我们模拟了一个公司的请假审批过程，其中涉及到员工（Employee）、经理（Manager）和人事部门（HRDepartment）三个角色。

首先，我们定义一个抽象中介者接口Mediator：

public interface Mediator {
    void sendMessage(String message, Colleague recipient);
}

然后，我们定义一个抽象同事接口Colleague：

public interface Colleague {
    void setMediator(Mediator mediator);
    String getMessage();
}

接下来，我们实现具体同事类。员工类（Employee）和经理类（Manager）都需要向人事部门（HRDepartment）发送请假申请，因此它们都需要持有一个Mediator对象，并通过这个对象来发送消息。

public class Employee extends Colleague {
    private String name;
    private Mediator mediator;

    public Employee(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    public void setMediator(Mediator mediator) {
        this.mediator = mediator;
    }

    @Override
    public String getMessage() {
        return "Employee " + this.name + " wants to take a leave for " + this.leaveDays + " days.";
    }

    public void applyLeave(int leaveDays) {
        this.leaveDays = leaveDays;
        String message = getMessage();
        mediator.sendMessage(message, this);
    }
}

public class Manager extends Colleague {
    private String name;
    private Mediator mediator;

    public Manager(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    public void setMediator(Mediator mediator) {
        this.mediator = mediator;
    }

    @Override
    public String getMessage() {
        return "Manager " + this.name + " wants to approve the leave application for Employee.";
    }

    public void approve(Employee employee) {
        String message = getMessage();
        mediator.sendMessage(message, employee);
    }
}

人事部门类（HRDepartment）需要接收并处理来自员工和经理的消息，因此它是一个具体中介者类：

public class HRDepartment extends Mediator {
    @Override
    public void sendMessage(String message, Colleague recipient) {
        if (recipient instanceof Employee) {
            System.out.println("HRDepartment received message: " + message);
            System.out.println("Leave application approved by manager.");
        } else if (recipient instanceof Manager) {
            System.out.println("HRDepartment received message: " + message);
            System.out.println("Leave application is waiting for manager's approval.");
        }
    }
}

最后，我们编写一个简单的测试程序来演示中介者模式的工作原理：

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Mediator mediator = new HRDepartment();

        Employee john = new Employee("John");
        Employee jane = new Employee("Jane");
        Manager tom = new Manager("Tom");

        john.setMediator(mediator);
        jane.setMediator(mediator);
        tom.setMediator(mediator);

        mediator.sendMessage(john.getMessage(), john);
        mediator.sendMessage(tom.getMessage(), john);
        mediator.sendMessage(jane.getMessage(), john);
    }
}

运行上述测试程序，我们可以得到以下输出结果：

HRDepartment received message: Employee John wants to take a leave for 5 days.
Leave application is waiting for manager's approval.
HRDepartment received message: Employee Jane wants to take a leave for 7 days.
Leave application is waiting for manager's approval.
HRDepartment received message: Manager Tom wants to approve the leave application for Employee.
Leave application approved by manager.
Leave application approved by manager.

通过这个例子，我们可以看到中介者模式有效地降低了员工、经理和人事部门之间的耦合度，使得整个请假审批过程更加清晰和易于维护。当需要添加新的同事对象时，只需要在中介者类中添加相应的处理逻辑即可，无需修改其他同事类。